Perovskite Nanocomposite Layers Engineering for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells

Abstract

Recently, perovskite nanocomposites have attracted much ‎attention as active layers due to the relatively high stable efficiency of solar cells based on them. In this ‎paper, we study perovskite nanocomposite layers based on ‎semiconductive/nonconductive molecules or polymers, their deposition methods, properties, and ‎influence on the device performance. We have found that the quality of the ‎perovskite layer (morphology and crystallinity, cross-linked grains, trap states density, as well as ‎conductivity and charge carrier mobility) is strongly affected by various factors ‎related to the additive: such as type (i. e. semiconductive or nonconductive, ‎molecule or polymer), chemical structure (backbone length and ‎molecular weight, functional groups, π system, side chains, donating atoms and basicity), amount,‎ solubility, conductivity, photoactivity, polarity, hydrophobicity, and addition methods. Due to the small amounts added, these additives can lead to slight changes in energy levels, bandgap (Eg), and light absorption ‎properties. Ultimately, using the suitable deposition method and additive at an optimal amount can ‎greatly improve the stability and efficiency of the devices and reduce ‎hysteresis.

Influence of Electrospinning Setup Parameters on Properties of Polymer-Perovskite Nanofibers

“…Formed peaks around 14°, 20°, and 29° confirm the formation of the black-phase crystalline perovskite [ 32 , 33 , 37 ]. The formation of the black phase of CsPbI 3 at a low annealing temperature is associated with the polymer that leads to the formation of a stable intermediate phase after electrospinning and lowers the energy barrier for the nucleation of perovskite [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. The intermediate phase is formed as a result of the complexation of the polymer and the perovskite precursors.…”

“…Metal halide perovskites, e.g., methylammonium lead halides (MAPbX 3 , X: Cl, Br, I), and cesium lead halides (CsPbX 3 ), are usually used as photoactive materials [ 8 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. All-inorganic halide perovskites are more suitable for outdoor applications, since they have higher thermal and moisture stability than organic-inorganic halide perovskites [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Polar solvents (e.g., DMF, DMSO, etc.)…”

“…Polar solvents (e.g., DMF, DMSO, etc.) are commonly used to dissolve perovskite precursors [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and other non-conductive polymers suitable for electrospinning are commonly used to facilitate the production of electrospun nanofibers and improve the environmental stability of perovskite [ 8 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

“…Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and other non-conductive polymers suitable for electrospinning are commonly used to facilitate the production of electrospun nanofibers and improve the environmental stability of perovskite [ 8 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. PVP is a widely used polymer for fabricating these composite nanofibers due to its good solubility in polar solvents, high spinnability, thermal stability, and ability to bind perovskites, forming a stable intermediate phase or passivating the crystal surface [ 8 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 36 ]. The quality of this type of composite is commonly characterized by external and internal structures, optical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and long-term stability [ 8 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Investigating the dielectric constant of barium titanate in a polymer-matrix nanocomposite

“…The need for systems with enhanced energy and power density has driven research into perovskite-filled polymermatrix nanocomposites [1][2][3]. Barium titanate (BTO) is a ferroelectric perovskite with the chemical formula BaTiO 3 .…”