Permutation entropy analysis of the output of a laser diode under stimulated Brillouin scattering optical feedback

Abstract

The chaotic output emitted by a diode laser with optical feedback has fascinated the community for decades. The external cavity delay time imparts a weak level of periodicity to the laser output (the so-called "time delay signature", TDS) that is a drawback for applications that require random optical signals. A lot of efforts have focused in suppressing the TDS either by post-processing the signal or by using alternative ways to generate random optical signals. Here, we compare the signals generated by two optical feedback setups: in the first one, the stimulated Brillouin backscattered light from a standard optical fibre is re-injected into the laser (stimulated Brillouin scattering optical feedback, SBSOF); in the second one, the light transmitted through the fibre is re-injected into the laser (conventional optical feedback, COF). We analyse the permutation entropy, a well-known measure of complexity that captures order relations between values of a time series. We find that, on average, the signal generated by the SBSOF setup has slightly lower PE than the one generated by the COF setup, except when the sampling time of the intensity signal is an exact multiple of the delay; in that case, due to TDS, the entropy of the COF signal is lower than that of the SBSOF signal. We interpret the lower entropy value of the SBSOF signal as due to oscillations at the Brillouin frequency shift. Taken together, our results show that TDS suppression can have an undesirable side effect: a decrease of the entropy of the signal.

Generation of Chaotic Signals With Concealed Time-Delay Signature Based on a Semiconductor Laser Under Multi-Path Optical Feedback

“…The simplest method for weakening the TDS in an ECSL system is to decrease the feedback strength [22]. However, the complexity of the generated chaotic signal is relatively low under low feedback strength [23]. In order to solve this issue, one scheme based on two external cavities is proposed by adding another external cavity.…”

“…Through mapping the TDS in the parameter space of the bias current and the feedback strength, the optimized parameter region for generating chaotic signals with TDS below 0.1 is determined. Moreover, via the permutation entropy (PE) to analyze the complexity of the generated chaotic signal [23], the complexity of the chaotic signal does not decrease while the TDS is successfully concealed.…”

Influence of Linewidth Enhancement Factor on the Nonlinear Dynamics and TDS Concealment of Semiconductor Ring Lasers

“…Optical chaos generated by semiconductor lasers (SLs) has attracted much attention because of its potential applications of chaos-based communications [1][2][3][4], ultrafast random generation (RNG) [5][6][7], compressive sensing [8], neuro-inspired signal processing [9] and chaotic radar/laser radar (LIDAR) [10,11]. Studies have shown that SLs could exhibit rich dynamics under external perturbations [12][13][14][15][16][17], including, but not limited to, conventional optical feedback, frequency selecting feedback, filtered optical feedback, opto-electronic feedback and current modulation.…”