Permittivity Determination Method for Multilayer Automotive Coatings for Radar Applications at 77 GHz

Winter, Christian; Korff, Maximilian; Fabbri, Tiziano; Holzknecht, Stefan; Weber, Ingo; Biebl, Erwin

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2022.3147479

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The results show a decreasing trend of the attenuation with the frequency, with reductions between 0.55 dB and 0.86 dB when comparing the end frequencies in the radar band. This result agrees with the transmission measurements for painted polycarbonate samples described in [38] for the same frequency band. The reduction in detection distance can be calculated using the radar range equation, which relates the power delivered to the receiver with the transmitted power within a radar system.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Car Bumper Effects in ADAS Sensors at Automotive Radar Frequencies

Expósito,

Chin,

García Sánchez

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Radars in the W-band are being integrated into car bumpers for functionalities such as adaptive cruise control, collision avoidance, or lane-keeping. These Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) enhance traffic security in coordination with Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). This paper analyzes the attenuation effect that car bumpers cause on the signals passing through them. Using the free-space transmission technique inside an anechoic chamber, we measured the attenuation caused by car bumper samples with different material compositions. The results show level drops lower than 1.25 dB in all the samples analyzed. The signal attenuation triggered by the bumpers decreases with the frequency, with differences ranging from 0.55 dB to 0.86 dB when comparing the end frequencies within the radar band. Among the analyzed bumper samples, those with a thicker varnish layer or with talc in the composition seem to attenuate more. We also provide an estimation of the measurement uncertainty for the validation of the obtained results. Uncertainty analysis yields values below 0.21 dB with a 95% coverage interval in the measured frequency band. When comparing the measured value with its uncertainty, i.e., the relative uncertainty, the lower the frequency in the measured band, the more accurate the measurements seem to be.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Car Bumper Effects in ADAS Sensors at Automotive Radar Frequencies

Expósito,

Chin,

García Sánchez

et al. 2023

Sensors

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show abstract

“…The higher permittivity of coatings could lead to a lower radar performance. Apart from the earlier reported research [85,86], Winter et al recently published a method to find the relative permittivity of multilayer automotive coatings for 76-77 GHz radars [87]. It involved a vector network analyzer (VNA) with corrugated horn antennas and suggested an all-in-one quasi-optical free-space measurement solution.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Outlook of Scope within Exterior Automotive Plastic Substrates and Its Coatings

Thomas,

Patil,

John

et al. 2023

Coatings

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Among non-metal substrate coatings, plastic substrates have certainly asserted themselves as a key market, especially in the automotive industry. The substrates within exterior automotive industries are being diversified and commercialized at a rapid pace. Mainly attributed to the emergence of electric vehicles, environmental regulations, and functional requirements, there is huge scope and many opportunities for advancements and groundbreaking technologies. The above factors have led to the dawn of new and improved coating materials within the revolutionizing new substrate market. At the same time, new product innovations within ultraviolet (UV)-curable technologies, powder coating, nanotechnologies, and several other platforms have brought the possibility of novel coating systems into the picture. This review outlines the inherent challenges, the progress made thus far, and the future opportunities of two significant exterior plastic substrates: thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) and polycarbonate (PC). While the former serves as the historical choice for plastic bumpers across the globe, the latter has captured the most research attention in recent times as a lightweight option against glass coatings. A meticulous overview of the existing literature was conducted to summarize the recent approaches with a few critical analyses. To surpass the challenges to the equivalent performances, a few of the most promising research studies were also examined, including the sustainability aspect.

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“…The results show that the bumper creates a bi-directional loss, but the loss does not increase as the relative permittivity increases [48]. Vehicles can also come in a variety of colours, Winter et al presented a work on the permittivity of the coating layer of a vehicle bumper [49]. Each layer of the bumper (substrate, basecoat and clearcoat) has an associated loss which can be calculated theoretically and compared with real measurements.…”

Section: Work On Automotive Radar Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each layer of the bumper (substrate, basecoat and clearcoat) has an associated loss which can be calculated theoretically and compared with real measurements. Interestingly, two different colours of paint were used and measured (green and silver) and there is a 0.2 dB difference in their transmission [49]. Some manufactures are also integrating RADAR into the vehicle's front grill to avoid the losses associated with passing through the bumper.…”

Section: Work On Automotive Radar Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

A noise analysis of 4D RADAR: robust sensing for automotive?

Chan,

Shahbeigi Roudposhti,

et al. 2023

Preprint

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<p>The sensor suite for assisted and automated driving functions vehicle is critical to the function of a vehicle, but also the first and most important limitation to the level of automation that the system can achieve. The advancement of 4D RADARs, providing better resolution in both azimuth and elevation compared to traditional RADAR, can assist to achieve more robust situational awareness, whilst also providing more data for perception algorithms and sensor fusion. However, like all perception sensors, 4D RADAR is also affected by numerous noise factors. To explore the sources of noise, this work identifies, classifies, and analyses automotive 4D RADAR noise factors. Overall, 22 noise factors have been considered, in combination with their effect on six 4D RADAR outputs. Finally, this work also presents and applies, for the first time, a dissimilarity metric to collected 4D RADAR data in the presence of rain with different intensities. The proposed metric is used to assess the effect of noise on the variability of the measured data, in addition it can be used to compare any 4D RADAR data. The metric, combined with other pointcloud evaluations, shows that as rainrate intensifies, the size of the pointcloud decreases, but also the variation in the measurements increases. This work presents the importance of evaluating, companding, and quantifying noise for 4D RADAR, and can pave the way for more in depth analysis of its modelling and testing of 4D RADAR for assisted and automated driving functions.</p>

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Permittivity Determination Method for Multilayer Automotive Coatings for Radar Applications at 77 GHz

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

Car Bumper Effects in ADAS Sensors at Automotive Radar Frequencies

Car Bumper Effects in ADAS Sensors at Automotive Radar Frequencies

A Comprehensive Outlook of Scope within Exterior Automotive Plastic Substrates and Its Coatings

A noise analysis of 4D RADAR: robust sensing for automotive?

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