Permissible Daily Airborne Particle Mass Levels Encompass Brief Excursions to the “London Fog” Range, Which May Contribute to Daily Mortality and Morbidity in Communities

Michaels, Robert A.

doi:10.1080/1047322x.1998.10389562

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The diary method required participants to make an entry pertaining to a full day of ( ) symptom experience. Lawther et al 1970 reported a clear association of symptom severity with daily concentrations of smoke Michaels 1998 . In two clinical studies conducted in Australia, exposure to PM also was uncon-( ) trolled. Simpson et al 1997 reported that daily mortality in Brisbane was associated with daily maximum 1 h, but not 24 h, average PM concentrations.…”

Section: Toxicological Signi® Cancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence and Apparent Health Significance of Brief Airborne Particle Excursions

Michaels¹,

Kleinman²

2000

Aerosol Science and Technology

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104

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ABSTRACT. The U.S. EPA has tightened control of ® ne particles primarily by limiting maximum 24 h average airborne concentrations. The present investigation used real-time monitoring to record short-term PM excursions and literature evaluation to determine whether PM levels reached in excursions might be health signi® cant. Data recorded in Birmingh am, AL, Penticton, British Columbia, and Zeebrugge, Belgium revealed numerous excursions, one reaching 2,000 m g r r r r r M 3 . Toxicology and clinical studies involving brief exposures to particle levels in the ran ge of observed excursions elicited adverse effects in both animals and humans. The area of lung surface developing lesions was elevated in rats breathing the same 4 h dose of aerosols when the 4 h average rate of aerosol delivery included a ( ) ( ) short-term G 5 min burst G 50% above the average dose rate. Elevations were observed with each of two aerosols tested. The magnitude of the effect was higher with one of the two aerosols, wh ose dose rate included four excursions rather than just one excursion. Symptom severity in asthmatics was associated with PM elevations, but the strength of the association depended upon the PM averaging time: the strength of the PM association with symptom severity increased as the PM averaging time varied from 24 h to 8 h to 1 h. Three hundred people were overcome after wind lofted particles into the air during a 4 day outdoor music festival in Queen Creek, AZ in April 1997. More research is necessary, but evidence presented here suggests that greater risk reduction might be achievable via controlling 1 h an d 24 h PM aver ages th an via tightening control of 24 h averages without controlling the 1 h average.

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Section: Toxicological Signi® Cancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present study inquires whether 24 h average particle levels educed via the U.S. EPA reference gravimetric monitoring method might encompass undetected, health signi® cant, shorter-term excursions suf® cient to explain the observed ( adverse effects Michaels 1996Michaels , 1997Michaels , 1998 ) Kleinman 1997a, 1997b .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and Apparent Health Significance of Brief Airborne Particle Excursions

Michaels¹,

Kleinman²

2000

Aerosol Science and Technology

Self Cite

104

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“…Also, the method yields only an average PM concentration, and does not reflect the fluctuations in particulate levels over the time sampled. It may be important for epidemiologic studies to measure peak PM levels as well as averages, as peak PM excursions may have more influence on health outcome than average PM levels (Delfino et al, 1998;Michaels, 1998;Michaels and Kleinman, 2000 ). Recently, a personal passive particulate sampler ( personal Data-RAM, pDR, MIE Inc., Bedford, MA ) has been developed that can continuously record PM exposures averaged over very short time intervals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a real-time passive personal particle monitor in fixed site residential indoor and ambient measurements

Quintana

Samimi

Kleinman

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Recent experimental findings in animals and humans indicate adverse respiratory effects from short -term exposures to particulate air pollutants, especially in sensitive subpopulations such as asthmatics. The relationship between air pollution and asthma has mainly been determined using particulate matter (PM) measurements from central sites. Validated tools are needed to assess exposures most relevant to health effects. Recently, a personal passive particulate sampler ( personal Data -RAM, pDR, MIE Inc., Bedford, MA ) has become available for studying personal exposures to PM with time resolution at 1 min. The pDR measures light scatter from PM in the 0.1 ± 10 M range, the significant range for health effects. In order to assess the ability of the pDR in predicting gravimetric mass, pDRs were collocated with PM 2.5 and PM 10 Harvard Impactors ( HI ) inside and outside nine homes of asthmatic children and at an outdoor central Air Pollution Control District site. Results are presented of comparisons between the HI samplers and the pDR in various modes of operation: passive, active, and active with a heated inlet. When used outdoors at fixed sites the pDR readings exhibit interference from high relative humidity ( RH ) unless operated with a method for drying inlet air such as a heater, or if readings at times of high RH are adjusted. The pDR correlates more highly with the HI PM 2.5 than with the HI PM 10 ( r 2 = 0.66 vs. 0.13 for outdoors, r 2 = 0.42 vs. 0.20 for indoors ) . The pDR appears to be a useful tool for an epidemiologic study that aims to examine the relationship between health outcomes and personal exposure to peaks in PM. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology ( 2000 ) 10, 437 ± 445.

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“…In contrast, there were significant effects of fungi on asthmatic children not taking antiinflammatory medication. For an increase from the minimum to 90th percentile of fungi (see Table 2), the OR for the prior 24-hr average fungi was 1.70 (CI, 1.03-2.78), and the OR for the prior 12-hr daytime fungi was 1.61 (CI, 1 Cromolyn and nedocromil have different mechanisms of action and are less potent and effective anti-inflammatory medications than inhaled corticosteroids (8). Therefore, models were retested dropping the two LS asthmatics on these medications and retaining five subjects on inhaled corticosteroids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Environ Health Perspet 106:751-761 (1998). [Online 22 October 1998] http:llehpnetl.niebs.nib.gvv/docs/)998/106p751-76ldefino/abstract.tml Recent experimental findings in humans indicate adverse respiratory effects from short-term exposures to particulate air pollutants delivered over 1 to several hours (1). Therefore, it is biologically plausible that short-term excursions of particulate air pollution in communities could have adverse impacts on the respiratory health of susceptible individuals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptoms in Pediatric Asthmatics and Air Pollution: Differences in Effects by Symptom Severity, Anti-Inflammatory Medication Use and Particulate Averaging Time

Delfino¹,

Zeiger²,

Seltzer³

et al. 1998

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Experimental research in humans and animals points to the importance of adverse respiratory effects from short-term particle exposures and to the importance of proinflammatory effects of air pollutants, pcularly 03. However, partide averaging time has not been subjected to direct scientific evaluation, and there is a lack of epidemiological research examining both this issue and whether modification of air pollutant effcs occurs with differences in asthma severity and anti-inflammatory medication use. The present study exmined the relationship of adverse asthma syptoms (bothersome or interfered with daily activities or sleep) to 03 and partides <10 Pm (PM10) in a Southern Califoria community in the air inversion zone (1200-2100 fi) with high 03 and low PM (R = 0.3). A panel of 25 asthmatics 9-17 years of age were followed daily, August through October 1995 (n -1,759 person-days exduding one subject without symptoms). Exposures inlduded stationary outdoor hourly PM0 (highest 24-hr mean, 54 plWm3, versus median of 1-hr maximums, 56 pg/m3) and 03 (mean of 1-hr maximums, 90 ppb, 5 days >120 ppb). Longitudinal regression analyses utlized the generized estimating equations (GEE) model controlling for autocorrelation, day of week, outdoor fingi, and weather. Asthma symptoms were significantly associated with both outdoor 03 and PM10 in single pollutant-and coregressions, with 1-hr and 8-hr maximum PM10 having larger effects than the 24-hr mean.Subgroup analyses showed effects of current day PM1O maximums were strongest in 10 more frequently symptomatic (MS)

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Permissible Daily Airborne Particle Mass Levels Encompass Brief Excursions to the “London Fog” Range, Which May Contribute to Daily Mortality and Morbidity in Communities

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Incidence and Apparent Health Significance of Brief Airborne Particle Excursions

Incidence and Apparent Health Significance of Brief Airborne Particle Excursions

Evaluation of a real-time passive personal particle monitor in fixed site residential indoor and ambient measurements

Symptoms in Pediatric Asthmatics and Air Pollution: Differences in Effects by Symptom Severity, Anti-Inflammatory Medication Use and Particulate Averaging Time

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