Permian ginkgophyte fossils from the Dolomites resemble extant O-ha-tsuki aberrant leaf-like fructifications of Ginkgo biloba L

Fischer, Thilo C.; Meller, Barbara; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Butzmann, Rainer

doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-337

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Reports of papillae developing in close proximity to stomata come from both extant and extinct plant species (Pant and Mehra, 1964;Palmer et al, 1981;Fischer et al, 2010;Prasad et al, 2011). They have been detected on epidermal pavement cells adjacent to stomata and in some instances on subsidiary cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice Stomatal Mega-Papillae Restrict Water Loss and Pathogen Entry

et al. 2021

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Rice (Oryza sativa) is a water-intensive crop, and like other plants uses stomata to balance CO2 uptake with water-loss. To identify agronomic traits related to rice stomatal complexes, an anatomical screen of 64 Thai and 100 global rice cultivars was undertaken. Epidermal outgrowths called papillae were identified on the stomatal subsidiary cells of all cultivars. These were also detected on eight other species of the Oryza genus but not on the stomata of any other plant species we surveyed. Our rice screen identified two cultivars that had “mega-papillae” that were so large or abundant that their stomatal pores were partially occluded; Kalubala Vee had extra-large papillae, and Dharia had approximately twice the normal number of papillae. These were most accentuated on the flag leaves, but mega-papillae were also detectable on earlier forming leaves. Energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometry revealed that silicon is the major component of stomatal papillae. We studied the potential function(s) of mega-papillae by assessing gas exchange and pathogen infection rates. Under saturating light conditions, mega-papillae bearing cultivars had reduced stomatal conductance and their stomata were slower to close and re-open, but photosynthetic assimilation was not significantly affected. Assessment of an F3 hybrid population treated with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola indicated that subsidiary cell mega-papillae may aid in preventing bacterial leaf streak infection. Our results highlight stomatal mega-papillae as a novel rice trait that influences gas exchange, stomatal dynamics, and defense against stomatal pathogens which we propose could benefit the performance of future rice crops.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice Stomatal Mega-Papillae Restrict Water Loss and Pathogen Entry

et al. 2021

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“…However, it is likely that they also belong to the ginkgophytes based on similarities in size and overall morphology to seeds assigned to this group of plants from elsewhere (e.g., [23-26]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fossil ginkgophyte seedlings from the Triassic of France resemble modern Ginkgo biloba

et al. 2013

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BackgroundFossil evidence of ginkgophyte ontogeny is exceedingly rare. Early development in the extant Ginkgo biloba is characterized by a series of distinct ontogenetic stages. Fossils providing insights into the early ontogeny of ancient ginkgophytes may be significant in assessing the degree of relatedness between fossil ginkgophytes and G. biloba.ResultsAn assemblage of seedlings from the early Middle Triassic of France is assigned to the ginkgophytes based on leaf morphology. The specimens represent an ontogenetic sequence consisting of four stages: (I) formation of the cotyledons in the seed and germination; (II) development of primary leaves and taproot; (III) thickening of the taproot and appearance of secondary roots; and (IV) development of the first differentiated leaves and absence of the seed remnants.ConclusionsThe fossil seedlings provide a rare opportunity to examine the early ontogeny of a Triassic ginkgophyte. Germination and seedling development in the fossil are nearly identical to that of the extant gymnosperm G. biloba. We hypothesize that the fossil may be closely related biologically to G. biloba, and that certain developmental processes in seedling development were in place by the Middle Triassic.

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“…6d), as well as several enigmatic ginkgophyte-like leaf types (Bauer et al, 2014). Several dispersed seeds probably also belong to this group (Fischer et al, 2010;Bauer et al, 2014). Conifers are very common, preserved both as shoot fragments and dispersed leaves.…”

Section: Flora Amentioning

confidence: 98%