Permian dust in Oklahoma: Source and origin for Middle Permian (Flowerpot-Blaine) redbeds in Western Tropical Pangaea

Sweet, Alisan C.; Soreghan, Gerilyn S.; Sweet, Dustin E.; Soreghan, Michael J.; Madden, Andrew S.

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.12.006

Cited by 44 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Study of loess as a high-resolution paleoclimate archive has long been conducted for the Quaternary record, but loess remains an under-utilized archive for Earth's deeptime record, despite increasing recognition of deep-time loess deposits (e.g., Johnson 1989a, b;Soreghan 1992;Evans and Reed 2007;Soreghan et al 2008). The Late Carboniferous-Permian record appears to be particularly rich in occurrence and preservation of thick and widespread loess deposits (Soreghan et al 2008), and many of the finegrained red beds of this age in the North America midcontinent and elsewhere have been recently reinterpreted as paleo-loess deposits (e.g., Sweet et al 2013; Dubois et al Giles et al 2013), including units of the RKB core Foster et al 2014). In addition to loess (and associated paleosol) deposits, these facies include lake deposits as well-but shallow and ephemeral saline lakes, rather than deep, oxygen-poor systems.…”

Section: Discussion: Why Core Continental Red Beds and Evaporites?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The paleoclimatic and geochronologic utility of coring red beds and evaporites: a case study from the RKB core (Permian, Kansas, USA)

Soreghan

Benison

Foster

et al. 2014

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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Drill core is critical for robust and high-resolution reconstructions of Earth’s climate record, as well demonstrated from both marine successions and modern long-lived lake systems. Deep-time climate reconstructions increasingly require core-based data, but some facies, notably red beds and evaporites, have garnered less attention for both paleoclimatic and geochronologic analyses. Here, we highlight studies from the Rebecca K. Bounds (RKB) core, a nearly continuous, >1.6 km drill core extending from the Cretaceous to the Mississippian, recovered from the US Midcontinent by Amoco Production Company in 1988, and serendipitously made available for academic research. Recent research conducted on this core illustrates the potential to recover high-resolution data for geochronologic and climatic reconstructions from both the fine-grained red bed strata, which largely represent paleo-loess deposits, and associated evaporite strata. In this case, availability of core was instrumental for (1) accessing a continuous vertical section that establishes unambiguous superposition key to both magnetostratigraphic and paleoclimatic analyses, and (2) providing pristine sample material from friable, soluble, and/or lithofacies and mineralogical species otherwise poorly preserved in surface exposures. The potential for high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstruction from coring of deep-time loess strata in particular remains severely underutilized.

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Section: Discussion: Why Core Continental Red Beds and Evaporites?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The paleoclimatic and geochronologic utility of coring red beds and evaporites: a case study from the RKB core (Permian, Kansas, USA)

Soreghan

Benison

Foster

et al. 2014

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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“…1), and bedded gypsum and/or anhydrite. The depositional environments of the Nippewalla Group have been interpreted as extremely acid saline ephemeral lakes, mudflats, sandflats, paleosols, and eolian dunes (Benison and Goldstein 2001;Benison et al 1998Benison et al , 2013Sweet et al 2013;Foster et al 2014). The probable age-equivalent Opeche Shale of North Dakota is composed of the same types of deposits, with less abundant gypsum/anhydrite (Benison et al 1998;Benison and Goldstein 2000), suggesting that these extreme acid saline environments were regionally extensive in Pangea.…”

Section: General Geologic History Of the Permian Red Bed-hosted Evapomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, most stratigraphic and lithologic descriptions of these units are based mainly on fieldwork (Fig. 3;Cragin 1896Cragin , 1897Richardson 1903;Gould 1924;Norton 1939;Swineford 1955;Fay 1957Fay , 1961Fay , 1964Fay , 1965Fay et al 1962;Ham 1960;Sweet et al 2013). Less common publications use well logs to interpret the stratigraphy and lithology (Askew 2013 the Nippewalla Group (Holdaway 1978;Benison et al 1998Benison et al , 2013Goldstein 2001, 1999).…”

Section: General Geologic History Of the Permian Red Bed-hosted Evapomentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting Siliciclastic-Evaporite Strata In Subsurface and Outcrop: An Example From the Permian Nippewalla Group of Kansas, U.S.A

Benison

Zambito

Knapp

2015

Journal of Sedimentary Research

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Geologists tend to expect that rocks as they appear in outcrop are a very good approximation of the same strata in the subsurface. But this is not the case in mixed siliciclastic-evaporite units, strata that contain both a siliciclastic and an evaporite mineral component. Distinct differences in lithologic and stratigraphic descriptions of ancient siliciclastic-evaporite strata exist between outcrop and core. These differences present challenges in stratigraphic nomenclature, lithologic correlation, age determinations, and interpretations about past depositional environments, diagenetic history, and paleoclimate. An example of siliciclastic-evaporite strata is the middle Permian to early Triassic gypsum-and/or anhydrite-(hereby referred to as gypsum/anhydrite) and halite-bearing red beds throughout the midcontinent of North America and equivalent strata from other Pangean deposits. Here, we use core and field observations of the middle Permian Nippewalla Group in Kansas to show the range of similarities and differences in lithologies and thicknesses of specific lithofacies in outcrop and at various depths. For example, the displacive halite lithology, consisting of red mudstones dominated by randomly oriented halite crystals, is abundant in cores and interpreted as saline mudflat deposits. The outcrop counterpart is less common, friable, massive red mudstones with some gypsum/anhydrite pseudomorphs after displacive halite crystals. We interpret these lithologic differences of this saline mudflat lithofacies as the result of excellent preservation of buried displacive halite and late-stage dissolution of near-surface halite. Additionally, bedded halite and intergranular halite cements in siltstones and sandstones are also vulnerable to late-stage dissolution near the surface, further modifying lithologies and thicknesses. Thickness of the Nippewalla Group in the Amoco Rebecca K. Bounds core of western Kansas is 931 feet (, 284 meters) thick, but it is estimated to be only half as thick in the outcrop belt of south-central Kansas. To estimate amount of rock lost to late-stage dissolution, we conducted dissolution experiments on displacive halite units from cores, which resulted in 60-95% loss of rock thickness and mass due to dissolution of halite. The unconsolidated red sediment resulting from these dissolution experiments compares favorably with much of the fine massive red siliciclastics that make up the greater part of the Nippewalla Group outcrops. We propose that major lithologic differences resulting from near-surface diagenetic processes must be expected in any evaporite-bearing siliciclastic unit. Besides guiding correlation attempts between surface and subsurface, this knowledge is vital for making accurate interpretations of depositional and diagenetic history of siliciclastic-evaporite units.

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“…Many modern evaporites, however, have been noted to form in continental settings (Lowenstein and Hardie, 1985;Benison et al, 1998;Benison and Goldstein, 2001;Benison et al, 2007). Interpreted paleosol and eolian dune deposits in many of these red beds contradict historically suggested marine to marginal marine interpretations (Benison andGoldstein, 2000, 2001; Poland and Simms, 2012;Sweet et al, 2013;Foster et al, 2014). Of particular importance in contradicting marine to marginal marine deposition are fluid inclusion data from bedded halite in the Nippewalla Group of Kansas and Opeche Shale of North Dakota, which demonstrate that middle Permian lake waters and groundwater had extremely low pHs (some less than 0) and high concentrations of Al, Fe, and Si (Benison et al, 1998;Benison and Goldstein, 2002).…”

Section: Statement Of Research Problemmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Low bromine values were also observed. Environmental interpretations of red beds and evaporites throughout the western midcontinental United States, which vary in interpretation from marine/marginal marine to continental deposition, suggest a need for more detailed studies (i.e., Sweet et al, 2013). This thesis, which petrographically details the Whitehorse Sandstone, Day Creek Dolomite, and Big Basin Formation in the Becky Bounds core, will provide interpretations of depositional environments and paleoclimate in western equatorial Pangea during the middle to late Permian (Fig.…”

Section: Statement Of Research Problemmentioning

confidence: 96%

Improving Seeding and Mulching Specifications In West Virginia and Creating a Materials Estimate Tool

Pritt¹

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Permo-Triassic red beds and evaporites can be found in a variety of locations around the world. Largely deposited once the supercontinent Pangea formed, many of these units have historically been interpreted as marine to marginal marine deposits due to their association with evaporites. Evaporites, however, can also form in continental settings. Recent studies of red beds and evaporites within the Leonardian-Guadalupian Nippewalla Group of Kansas suggest some red beds and evaporites were deposited in acid saline lakes and associated environments. The middle to late Permian Quartermaster Group, which overlies the Nippewalla Group, has not been as extensively studied. The main goal of this thesis was to determine the depositional and diagenetic history of the Quartermaster Group of Kansas. This research focused on the Whitehorse Sandstone, Day Creek Dolomite, and Big Basin Formation of the Quartermaster Group as observed in the Amoco Rebecca K. Bounds core no. 1 from Greeley County, west-central Kansas. Petrography and mineralogical identification were used to characterize the depositional and diagenetic features of these rocks. Field observations from south-central Kansas (Clark and Barber Counties) provided supplementary data. Sedimentary features observed in the Quartermaster Group suggest the Whitehorse Sandstone, Day Creek Dolomite, and Big Basin Formation were deposited in continental settings. The Whitehorse Sandstone consists of red sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone with observable ped structures, root features, ripple cross-stratification, mud drapes, mudcracks, and soil slickensides. These features suggest deposition in mudflats and fluctuating water tables in adjacent soils. The Day Creek Dolomite consists of bedded gypsum/anhydrite and finely laminated red siltstones. Ripple cross-stratification, mudcracks, and planar laminae observed in bedded gypsum/anhydrite indicate deposition in ephemeral saline lake environments while ripple cross-stratification, mud drapes, soil slickensides, and root features in red siltstones indicate mudflats and soils. The Big Basin Formation consists of dark red sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone characterized by soft sediment deformation, ripple cross-stratification, mudcracks, and soil slickensides. These features suggest deposition in mudflats and the development of paleosols. In general, early and late diagenetic features observed within the Quartermaster Group suggest substantial influence from wetting and drying processes at or near the surface. Evidence for acidity in the Quartermaster Group is based on suspect to problematic criteria. Acid saline lake deposition is postulated from indirect criteria such as unusual yellow hues observed in halite and other evaporites within bedded gypsum/anhydrite layers of the Day Creek Dolomite. Additionally, the absence of carbonates, abundance of red beds, and similarities to the underlying Nippewalla Group, a known acid system, suggest that units within the Quartermaster Group were likely influenced by acid lake waters and ground...

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Permian dust in Oklahoma: Source and origin for Middle Permian (Flowerpot-Blaine) redbeds in Western Tropical Pangaea

Cited by 44 publications

References 70 publications

The paleoclimatic and geochronologic utility of coring red beds and evaporites: a case study from the RKB core (Permian, Kansas, USA)

The paleoclimatic and geochronologic utility of coring red beds and evaporites: a case study from the RKB core (Permian, Kansas, USA)

Contrasting Siliciclastic-Evaporite Strata In Subsurface and Outcrop: An Example From the Permian Nippewalla Group of Kansas, U.S.A

Improving Seeding and Mulching Specifications In West Virginia and Creating a Materials Estimate Tool

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