Permian Biostratigraphy of Svalbard (Arctic Norway)—a Review

A geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Permian, calibrated to stage boundaries

“…The overlying mid and upper 293 parts of the Svenskegga Mb contain foraminifera assigned to the Gerkeina komiensis assemblage zone 294 (Sosipatrova, 1967;Nakrem et al 1992), correlated to the Iren Horizon in the Uralian successions, where 295 it is assigned a mid Kungurian age (Lozovsky et al 2009). This suggests the Artinskian-Kungurian 296 boundary occurs in the lower-mid parts of the Svenskegga Mb (Fig.…”

“…The normal 289 magnetozone in the lower parts of the Svenskegga Mb is CI2n (Table 1). The Vøringen Mb contains a 290 diverse marine fauna, with conodonts including Sweetognathus whitei and S. clarki, indicating a probable 291 late Artinskian age (Nakrem et al 1992;Nakrem 1994). A Sr-isotope value of 0.70746 from the 292…”

Depositional environment, ichnological features and oxygenation of Permian to earliest Triassic marine sediments in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard

“…4). This unit is up to 40 m thick (Dallmann et al 1999) and is dominated by bioclastic carbonate banks with a rich fauna of brachiopods, bryozoans and crinoids (Nakrem et al 1992;Ezaki et al 1994;Nielsen et al 2013). The Vøringen Member represents shoreface deposits, which were regarded by Worsley et al (1986) to represent a carbonate barrier sequence that migrated across the restricted marine platform and sabkha environments of the underlying Gipshuken Formation.…”

“…This is consistent with work by Mørk et al (1982), Steel & Worsley (1984) and Małkowski et al (1989) in the central part of the basin, revealing a conformable transition from the Kapp Starostin Formation into the overlying Vikinghøgda Formation, although Mørk et al (1989) suggested that the contact was an enigmatic, non-erosive submarine hiatus. According to Nakrem et al (1992), this indicates a condensed Late Permian succession. Wignall et al (1998) attempted from modest organic carbon isotope data to define a continuous sedimentation across the PermianÁTriassic boundary from the Kapp StarostinÁFestningen section in the western Spitsbergen, and suggested that the actual boundary can be found in the basal metres of the Vikinghøgda Formation.…”

Saurichthys (Pisces, Actinopterygii) teeth from the Lower Triassic of Spitsbergen, with comments on their stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ18O) and X−ray microtomography

“…This bed represents the up− per part of the Urnetoppen Member of the Vardebukta Formation (Birkenmajer 1964(Birkenmajer , 1977Harland 1997;Dallmann et al 1999). The underlaying strata repre− sent Lower Permian rocks, including brachiopod cherty limestone of the Kapp Starostin Fm (Nakrem et al 1992;Dallmann 1999;Nielsen et al 2013) and cal− careous clastics of the Treskeloden Fm (Birkenmajer and Fedorowski 1980;Birkenmajer 1984;Błażejowski et al 2006;Błażejowski 2009;Nakrem et al 2009). The Vardebukta Formation (Buchan et al 1965) is the oldest lithostratigraphic unit of this rank in the Triassic sequence of the Svalbard archipelago (Fig.…”