Permethrin resistance associated with inherited genes in a near‐isogenic line of Musca domestica

Abstract

BACKGROUND Permethrin has been used frequently in the control of Musca domestica worldwide including Pakistan, with reports of resistance development in different field strains. A near‐isogenic line of M. domestica with permethrin resistance (Perm‐R) was constructed to elucidate mode of inheritance and cross‐resistance analyses. RESULTS Toxicity responses of reciprocal progenies F1 and F1′ showed no significant difference in median lethal dose (LD50) values, suggesting that permethrin resistance was inherited in an autosomal fashion with neither sex linkage nor maternal effects in the Perm‐R strain of M. domestica. Degree of dominance was 0.6 and 0.7 for F1 and F1′ progenies, respectively, which suggests that permethrin resistance was expressed as an incompletely dominant trait. Chi‐square analyses for self‐bred (F2), and backcross progenies (BC1, BC2, BC3 and BC4) revealed significant differences between the observed and expected mortality, indicating the possibility of multiple genes responsible for permethrin resistance. Moreover, the Perm‐R strain did not show cross‐resistance to propoxur, chlorpyrifos, profenofos or spinetoram. CONCLUSION Permethrin resistance in the Perm‐R strain of M. domestica was inherited as autosomal, incompletely dominant and governed by more than one gene. Lack of cross‐resistance between permethrin and propoxur, chlorpyrifos, profenofos or spinetoram provides an opportunity for rotational use of these insecticides in the control of M. domestica. These data could help to manage M. domestica and the problem of permethrin resistance.

Lack of fitness costs associated with resistance to permethrin in Musca domestica

“…The Perm-F strain (unselected) was a relatively permethrin resistant strain 30 , compared with the Perm-S strain, collected from a dairy farm in Lahore. The Perm-R was a permethrin resistant near-isogenic line of M. domestica 29 , which was developed from the Perm-F strain. All strains were maintained in the entomological laboratory [26 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), 12:12 h light/dark photoperiod] by a well-established methodology 31 , 32 .…”

“…Therefore, for the successful management of insect pests and insecticide resistance, it is of utmost importance to have better understanding regarding insecticide resistance, cross-resistance and performance of biological traits of resistant insects. Previously, resistance to permethrin and cross-resistance in M. domestica have been reported from Punjab, Pakistan 7 , 29 . However, information about the fitness of biological traits of M. domestica is lacking.…”

Monitoring resistance to methomyl and synergism in the non-target Musca domestica from cotton fields of Punjab and Sindh provinces, Pakistan

“…Cotton fields for M. domestica collection in the above localities were chosen based on history of methomyl use for the management of insect pests of cotton (personal communication with regional farmers and agriculture extension workers). An insecticide susceptible reference strain (Lab-susceptible) of M. domestica 35 , 36 was used in bioassays for the estimation of resistance to methomyl in field strains. Field strains were collected at the adult stage and brought to the laboratory of entomology, University of the Punjab, Lahore (31.5204° N, 74.3587° E) 34 .…”

An impact assessment of insecticides application on the non-targeted mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Punjab rice fields, Pakistan

“…Consequently, in response to persistent or frequent exposure to insecticides, development and growth of target and nontarget species may be altered ( Fernandes et al, 2016 ) or these species may develop resistance to insecticides due to selection pressure ( Chouaïbou et al, 2016 ; Nkya et al, 2014 ). The development of insecticide resistance further worsens the problem of nontarget exposures and environmental pollution since farmers start over dosage of insecticides while ignoring the label recommendations in order to manage resistant insects ( Khan, 2021a ; Matowo et al, 2020 ).…”