Permeation of nickel salts through human skin in vitro

Fullerton, Ann; Andersen, Jan Rud; Hoelgaard, Annie; Menné, Torkil

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01320.x

Cited by 89 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For that reason, the role of the counterion on the irritation potential of nickel salts under simulated patch test conditions has been investigated in human skin in vivo, whereby the irritation potential was considered the expression of skin permeability [7][8][9]. The irritation potential of the salts was determined by application under occlusion to healthy volunteers and evaluation of irritancy by objective measurement with the laser Doppler technique.…”

Section: Nickel Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common cause for a false-positive diagnosis is the irritant effect of the patch test concentration used, as testing is performed at levels close to the irritating dose; also uneven distribution of the salt (usually nickel sulfate crystals) in the vehicle (usually petrolatum) may cause foci of high concentration under the patch [6][7][8]. Intradermal testing has been proposed as an alternative, bypassing the SC barrier [36,37].…”

Section: False-positive and False-negative Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic Testing for Nickel Allergic Hypersensitivity: Patch Testing versus Lymphocyte Transformation Test

Hostýnek

Reagan²,

Maibach

2002

Exog Dermatol

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This review evaluates the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) as an in vitro alternative to the traditional patch testing. Patch test results require knowledge, practice and experience for correct biological and clinical interpretation, and in spite of long-term use, the method is fraught with technical and interpretative limitations. Nickel in particular is an allergen eliciting false-positive reactions in patch testing due to the irritancy of test materials; it is sometimes difficult to distinguish an irritant reaction from a true allergic response, and patients may need to be tested more than once. Also false-negative reactions can occur due to varying sensitivity of the patient. It therefore appears reasonable to search for a more objective, in vitro alternative; the LTT appears one procedure which gives relatively reliable results. Still, at this point this method can only be used in association with patch testing, and it has often given results inconsistent with the patch test.

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Section: Nickel Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: False-positive and False-negative Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Testing for Nickel Allergic Hypersensitivity: Patch Testing versus Lymphocyte Transformation Test

Hostýnek

Reagan²,

Maibach

2002

Exog Dermatol

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“…Criteria used for the selection of seals for Ni analysis ensured that samples containing the greatest amount of green film were chosen and the average amount of surface contamination of remaining seals may be significantly less. The fraction of Ni absorbed from dermal contact with Ni is based on the penetration of soluble Ni salts (Fullerton et al 1986) and probably overestimates the fraction of nickeldialkyldithiocarbamate that penetrates through human skin. Nickeldialkyldithiocarbamate is insoluble in H2O (Uniroyal 1995) suggesting that very little of the compound would penetrate through human skin.…”

Section: Exposure Assessment Of Ni Present On the Surface Of Hyperstrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exposure frequency of 270 days a year assumes 5-day workweeks and average employment duration of persons wearing the Multifab suites of 10 years. Assumptions made for calculation of the most likely LADD were a Ni skin penetration factor of 0.23% (Fullerton et al 1986), a contact frequency of 2 times per day, 10 days a year, for 20,10, or 5 years. The most likely contact and exposure frequencies were developed through discussions with Ms. Todd.…”

Section: Exposure Assessment Of Ni Present On the Surface Of Hyperstrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assumptions used in calculation of the central tendency LADD were a Ni skin penetration factor of 3.5% (Fullerton et al 1986), a contact frequency of 4 times per day, 270 days a year, and an exposure duration of 10 years. The exposure frequency of 270 days a year assumes 5-day workweeks and average employment duration of persons wearing the Multifab suites of 10 years.…”

Section: Exposure Assessment Of Ni Present On the Surface Of Hyperstrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicological Risk Assessment of a Nickel Compound Found on the Surfaces of Replacement Hyperstretch Neoprene (CWU-83P) Neck and Wrist Seals for a Cold water Submersion Survival Suit

Arfsten¹,

Kane²,

Still³

2001

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Abstract:Naval Health Research Center/Toxicology was requested to provide comment and endorse an action plan developed by Naval Air Warfare Center Aeronautics Division (NAWCAD) to remove surface nickel from hyperstretch neoprene (CWU-83/P) neck and wrist seals used in cold water submersion survival suits. The nickel compound present on the surface of the seals is most likely nickeldialkyldithiocarbamate which is a common chemical additive used to prevent photoxidation and breakdown of rubber materials. There is no data on the chronic toxicity or carcinogenicity of nickeldialkyldithiocarbamates. The conservative approach for estimating the toxicological risk of nickeldialkyldithiocarbamate exposure to humans is to assume that these compounds have the same toxic properties as soluble nickel compounds. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD) estimates for persons wearing cold water survival suits were calculated using conservative exposure assumptions. Our calculations suggest that the average surface concentrations of Ni present on Hyperstretch neoprene seals do not pose a significant noncancer toxicological risk for humans. It is possible that a person could be exposed to nickeldialkyldithiocarbamate by hand-to-mouth transfer or by inhalation of airborne neoprene seal particles. However, it was assumed that the potential for oral and inhalation exposure to Ni from exposure to neoprene seals is most likely negligible. Dermal contact with Ni-containing materials may cause allergic skin sensitization and contact dermatitis in certain individuals; the surface concentration of Ni that elicits allergic contact dermatitis reactions in humans has not been determined. Acetone at a concentration of 70-75% should be used to wipe excess nickeldialkyldithiocarbamate from the surface of the neoprene seals at least 10 minutes prior to issue. Seals do not need to be cleaned except when prior to issue. Acetone is a solvent for dissolving rubber and frequent cleaning of the seals with acetone may cause rapid degradation of neoprene rubber over time. Persons involved in the cleaning of the neoprene seals should wear a NIOSH-approved respirator with an organic vapor cartridge.Background:

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Nickel, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, and Platinum

Czerczak¹,

Gromiec²

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Nickel (1–3) is a transition element in group VIII of the periodic system belonging with palladium and platinum to the 10 (nickel) triad. It is a silver‐white metal with characteristic gloss and is ductile and malleable. It occurs in two allotropic forms. The specific density of nickel is 8.90 g/cm 3 , melting point 1455°C, and boiling point 2730°C. Nickel is not soluble in water, but it does dissolve in dilute oxidizing acids. It is resistant to lyes. Nickel is obtained by processing sulfide and laterite ore concentrates using pyrometallurgic and hydrometallurgic processes. The resultant nickel matte obtained by roasting and smelting is subjected to further cleaning by electro‐, vapo‐, and hydrometallurgic refining methods. Some portion of the matte is roasted to obtain commercial nickel oxide agglomerate. Pure, 99.9% nickel can be obtained by electrolytic refining process. Nickel has been used predominantly as a component of alloys. Information on the acute and chronic poisonings by nickel metal in people is limited and, in the majority of cases, refers to effects of the combined exposure to dusts or fumes comprising mixtures of metallic nickel, and its oxides and salts. Contact hypersensitivity to nickel and its salts, however, is quite well documented. Ruthenium, a transition element, belongs to group VIII (iron) of the periodic classification and to the light platinum metals triad. It is a hard and brittle metal that resembles platinum. Ruthenium compounds are usually dark brown (ranging from yellow to black). Ruthenium forms alloys with platinum, palladium, cobalt, nickel, and tungsten. Elemental ruthenium occurs in native alloys of iridium and osmium (irridosmine, siskerite) and in sulfide and other ores (pentlandite, laurite, etc.) in very small quantities that are commercially recovered. Ruthenium is used in electronics and electrical engineering, and also in the chemical industry. Ruthenium metal is used as a catalyst in the oxidizing reactions and in the synthesis of long‐chain hydrocarbons. Because of its catalytic activity, it is also used in the catalytic converters for motor car engines. Ruthenium is used to increase the hardness of platinum alloys designed to make electric contacts, to make resistance wires, circuit breakers, and other components. It is also employed as a substitute for platinum in jewelry and to make the tips of fountain pen nibs. Certain derived ruthenium(III) complexes are used in cancer therapy to prevent metaplasia or to inhibit tumor cell growth. Ruthenium 106 is also used for that purpose. Ruthenium(III) complexes may be also applied to treat diseases resulting from exposure to nitric oxide. Ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride (Ruthenium Red) has been used as staining agent in microscopy. Rhodium is a transition element belonging to the cobalt group and to the light platinum triad at the same time. There is only one stable isotope: 103 Rh. Rhodium, in the elemental state, is a quite soft, forgeable, silver‐white metal. It occurs in nature extremely rarely (abundance: 1 × 10 −70 % by wt) in the form of alloys with other platinum metals ( e.g ., in crude platinum) or accompanies gold. Because it is a very precious and expensive metal, rhodium is resistant to the action of cold chlorine and fluorine and insoluble in acids and aqua regia. Pure rhodium is prepared by the reduction of its ammonium salt (dichloropentaaminorhodium). Rhodium is used for the manufacture of thermocouples (in the form of platinum–rhodium alloy: 10% Rh and 90% Pt), laboratory vessels (crucibles), catalysts (as an additive to Pt and Pd), spinnerets for synthetic and glass fibers, surgical tools (Ph, Pt, and Ir alloys), and electroplating. Besides, rhodium is used in jewelry, RhCl 3 is capable of controlling some viruses. Anticarcinogenic activity of some rhodium compounds has also been confirmed. No toxic rhodium and rhodium compounds levels have been determined either for blood or urine. As the exposure of animals to rhodium results in respiratory function disorders, it seems useful to monitor the pulmonary function in the case of rhodium poisoning. Considering that central nervous system disorders have been observed among animals exposed to rhodium, it seems advisable to monitor this system in the case of rhodium poisoning in humans. Palladium, a transition element belonging to Group III in the periodic table (nickel group) and light platinum metals, is a medium‐hard, moderately forgeable, ductile silver‐white metal. In its compounds, palladium usually assumes oxidation state +2 and +4, forming bivalent and tetravalent salts. A characteristic feature of palladium is its high hydrogen absorption, which allows for use its in the form of palladium sponge or palladium black as a catalyst in reduction processes. Contrary to other platinum metals, palladium is considerably less resistant to chemicals. At elevated temperatures palladium reacts with oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, sulfur, and selenium. Palladium dust may constitute fire and explosion hazards. Palladium compounds show different water solubility. Palladium metal is practically nontoxic. The acute effects of palladium compounds depend on the type, dose and administration of the compound. In general, the effects are stronger after IV or IP administration than orally. Water‐soluble palladium compounds, namely, those soluble in systemic fluids, show stronger toxic activity than do the insoluble ones. Osmium, a transition element belongs to the odd series 8 1 (iron) family, and at the same time to the heavy platinum metals. It has seven stable isotopes. Osmium is a very hard and brittle gray‐blue metal. It forms hexagonal crystals. No data have been found in the relevant literature concerning the toxic effects of osmium metal in experimental animals. However, it oxidizes at relatively low temperatures to the volatile osmium tetroxide, which shows strong irritating activity to eyes, respiratory tract and skin. Platinum, an intermediate element belonging to group VIII (nickel, palladium, platinum) of the periodic table and at the same time to the heavy platinum group, is a relatively soft, very malleable, ductile, silver‐white metal of very high melting point and high density. It occurs mainly in the form of stable isotopes: 190 Pt (0.01%), 192 Pt (0.08%), 194 Pt (32.9%), 195 Pt (33.8%), 196 Pt (25.2%), and 198 Pt (7.2%). It is rare in the earth crust (abundance 2 × 10 −6 % by weight). Nevertheless, platinum is the most abundant element of the heavy platinum group. Platinum is obtained mainly from copper and nickel ores, and platinum alloys and by recovery from the catalyst and other waste. The main stages of platinum production include extraction of the precious‐metal concentrate from the ore followed by separation through a complex refining process, during which the concentrate is dissolved in aqua regia, and the platinum is precipitated in the form of ammonium(IV) hexachloroplatinate. The precipitate is then calcinated at 600–700°C to give platinum sponge, which is then hardened by melting at high temperatures, such as in the electric arc. The resultant gray platinum sponge contains 99.95–99.9% pure metal. Platinum has been widely used in various industries, such as chemical, ceramic, electronic, automotive, petroleum. It is also used in medicine, dental surgery, and for jewelry manufacture. Pure platinum and its alloys are used to produce special‐purpose chemical apparatus, laboratory equipment (crucibles, evaporating dishes, platinum wire nets, electrodes), spinning dies for spinning chemical and glass fibers, and electric contacts. Platinum/iridium alloys are used to make length and weight standards. The industrial application of platinum is associated mainly with its catalytic activity. Platinum is used to make surgical instruments and implants. The industrial application of platinum is not limited to its pure metal or alloy forms; it is used also in the form of chemical compounds to electroplate metal surfaces.

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Permeation of nickel salts through human skin in vitro

Cited by 89 publications

References 10 publications

Diagnostic Testing for Nickel Allergic Hypersensitivity: Patch Testing versus Lymphocyte Transformation Test

Diagnostic Testing for Nickel Allergic Hypersensitivity: Patch Testing versus Lymphocyte Transformation Test

Toxicological Risk Assessment of a Nickel Compound Found on the Surfaces of Replacement Hyperstretch Neoprene (CWU-83P) Neck and Wrist Seals for a Cold water Submersion Survival Suit

Nickel, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, and Platinum

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