Permeation of d5-2,4,6-Trichloroanisole via Vapor Phase through Different Closures into Wine Bottles

Lopes, Paulo; Marques, João Heitor; Lopes, Teresa da Silva; Lino, José Maurício; Coelho, Joaquim Pinto; Alves, Cátia; Roseira, Isabel; Mendes, Adélio; Cabral, Miguel

doi:10.5344/ajev.2010.10098

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, these compounds diffused continuously beyond the outer section of these closures to the middle and inner sections, reaching the wine at different periods of time. These results agree with those obtained by Lopes et al (2009) and Lopes et al (2011), who also observed that exogenous 2,4,6-trichloroanisole and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was able to migrate through synthetic closures such as nomacorc Classic. Screw cap saranex liner also sorbed some amounts of those compounds; however, it did not prevent the permeation into wines.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…All compounds used in this study were confined and sorbed by the outer portions of microagglomerate and natural cork stoppers, which is consistent with previous studies showing that cork is an effective barrier against the permeation of exogenous compounds into wines. Capone et al (2002), Lopes et al (2009) and Lopes et al (2011) also observed that volatile non-polar compounds such as 2,4,6-trichloroanisole and 2,4,6trichlorophenol, confined to the outer portion of cork stoppers, were unable to migrate beyond this point. Likewise, d 4 -E4P and d 5 -E4G were also retained in the outer portions of natural and microagglomerate corks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The primary function of a wine closure as a part of wine packaging is to ensure a good seal in order to prevent any organoleptic deterioration of the wine during storage. However, some types of closures may allow the mass transfer of various small molecules and gases, such as oxygen, into bottled wines (Skurray et al, 2000;Capone et al, 2002;Lopes et al, 2011Lopes et al, ). robertson (2009 proposed two mechanisms by which gases can permeate through polymeric materials, including closures : pore effect and solution-diffusion effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mass permeation through closures is not exclusive to oxygen; other exogenous gases and volatile compounds are also able to permeate through closures into bottled wines. Lopes et al (2009) and Lopes et al (2011) showed that small volatile compounds, namely 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, were able to permeate through synthetic stoppers and contaminate bottled wine model solutions. Skurray et al (2000) showed that the sealing effectiveness of natural cork to vanillin was better than with synthetic polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Skurray et al (2000) showed that the sealing effectiveness of natural cork to vanillin was better than with synthetic polymers. in addition, Capone et al (2002) and Lopes et al (2011) indicated that microagglomerate and natural cork stoppers are effective barriers to the transmission of exogenous d 5 -TCA into wine bottles. recently, the Winemaking and Extension Services of the Australian Wine research institute (AWri) obtained evidence that exposure to the aerial contamination over a period of several months can allow the migration of the taint compounds such as tetrachloroanisole (TeCA) through the crown seals and into the wine (AWri, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sealing effectiveness of different types of closures towards volatile phenols and haloanisoles

Pereira

Lopes²,

Marques

et al. 2013

OENO One

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Aim: To determine if aerial contamination can induce the migration of volatile compounds through wine closures after bottling.Methods and results: Bottled white wines sealed with cork stoppers (natural and microagglomerate), synthetic closures and screw caps were stored under an environment contaminated with three deuterium-labeled compounds : (d5)-2,4,6-trichloroanisole (d5-TCA), (d4)-4-ethylphenol (d4-E4P) and (d5)-4-ethylguaiacol (d5-E4G). Wines, closure sections (outer, middle and inner) and screw cap liner were assessed over time for the concentration of different compounds by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The results collected during 30 months of storage showed that large amounts of all compounds were essentially retained in the outer portion of cylindrical closures, both cork and synthetic. However, these compounds were able to penetrate through synthetics and screw caps and contaminate the wine.Conclusion: Cork stoppers have proven to be an effective barrier to the migration of aerial volatile compounds such as d5-TCA, d4-E4P and d5-E4G, whereas permeable closures such as synthetic and screwcap saranex did allow the migration of those compounds into bottled wines.Significance and impact of the study: This study provides practical information about the sealing properties of different closures for a sound decision-making with regard to packaging. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of post-bottling aerial contamination via migration of volatile compounds through wine closures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Sealing effectiveness of different types of closures towards volatile phenols and haloanisoles

Pereira

Lopes²,

Marques

et al. 2013

OENO One

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Distribution of 2,4,6‐Trichloroanisole in cork stoppers

Monteiro,

Bundaleski,

Malheiro

et al. 2023

JSFA Reports

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BackgroundNatural cork stoppers are commonly considered the main source of 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole (TCA) in wine. However, little is known about how TCA is spread inside naturally contaminated cork stoppers. In the present work, the TCA distribution of 37 contaminated stoppers was assessed by slicing them into 3 mm discs and performing TCA analysis on each piece. Additionally, the distribution of TCA in artificially contaminated stoppers was investigated, after exposing clean stoppers to a controlled contaminated environment for 48 hours.ResultsThe results showed that TCA was concentrated either in small sections or distributed along the length of the stoppers. Regarding the artificially contaminated, it was found that TCA was present not only in the outer layer along the stopper length, but some was found 6 mm below the surface.ConclusionIn this study, no specific distribution pattern could represent TCA contamination in cork stoppers. An equal number of stoppers exhibited either a concentrated distribution or spread over the whole stopper. Lenticular channels are proposed to play a role in the dissemination of TCA from the surface to the interior of the stopper, as TCA was detected in the interior of the stopper within two hours of exposure to an environment contaminated with TCA. However, the orientation of these channels does not contribute to the transportation of TCA to wine as they are perpendicular to the stopper's axis.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Post-Fermentation Treatments and Related Topics

Jackson¹

2014

Wine Science

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Permeation of d₅-2,4,6-Trichloroanisole via Vapor Phase through Different Closures into Wine Bottles

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Sealing effectiveness of different types of closures towards volatile phenols and haloanisoles

Sealing effectiveness of different types of closures towards volatile phenols and haloanisoles

Distribution of 2,4,6‐Trichloroanisole in cork stoppers

Post-Fermentation Treatments and Related Topics

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