Permeability through cellulose membranes grafted with vinyl monomers in a homogeneous system. VI. States of water in membranes swollen in solutions

Nishioka, Noboru; Yamaguchi, Hideki; Kosai, Kouichi

doi:10.1002/app.1990.070401115

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The synthesis of cellulosic graft copolymers with tailored surface properties is of great interest due to their wide range of potential applications. For instance, graft copolymers can be used as antibacterial surfaces, 1 thermoresponsive smart materials, 2 membrane materials, 3 controlled drug delivery vehicles, 4 ion-exchange materials, 5 sorption agents for the removal of heavy metals, 6 and reinforcing agents in composite materials. 7 The interest in using natural cellulose fibers in composite materials is constantly growing due to their availability as renewable natural resources, ease of fiber surface modification, low cost, good mechanical properties, low density compared with their inorganic counterparts, and recyclability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graft Polymerization: Grafting Poly(styrene) from Cellulose via Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization

2005

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Reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was used to control the grafting of styrene from a cellulose substrate. The hydroxyl groups of the cellulose fiber were converted into thiocarbonyl-thio chain transfer agent, and were further used to mediate the RAFT polymerization of styrene. The graft copolymers were analyzed by gravimetry, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry. The results obtained from these analytical techniques confirm that grafting occurred from the surface of the cellulose fibers. The poly(styrene) chains were also cleaved from the cellulose backbone and analyzed by size exclusion chromatography and showed narrow polydispersity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graft Polymerization: Grafting Poly(styrene) from Cellulose via Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization

2005

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“…These results are comparable with those for other vinyl monomer grafted cellulose membranes, i.e., the difference in the proportion of free water depended on the kind of vinyl monomers. 21 It has been reported3*7,11,33-35 that the solute permeable water regions depend on the kind of solutes. If a certain solute can permeate only through the free water regions in membranes, the order of permeability through membranes would correspond to that of free water content of membranes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar result has been also recognized for other vinyl monomer grafted cellulose membranes. [17][18][19][20][21] In the previous studies, 17-20 the states of water in the membranes swollen in water were investigated. However, the difference in permeability through the membranes was not correlated quantitatively with the amount of each state of water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permeability through cellulose membranes grafted with vinyl monomers in a homogeneous system. VII. Acrylamide grafted cellulose membranes

Nishioka

Uno

Kosai

1990

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisThe homogeneous grafting of acrylamide ( AAm) onto cellulose was carried out in a dimethyl sulfoxide/paraformaldehyde (DMSO/PF) solvent system. The diffusive permeabilities of solutes through the AAm-grafted cellulose membranes, apparent activation energy for solute permeation through them, states of water in them, and their microphase separated structures were investigated. The permeability through the grafted membranes was superior to that through the cellulose membrane cast from the DMSO/PF solution of cellulose. The total water contents of the grafted membranes were larger than that of the cellulose membrane. The state of intermediate water in the grafted membranes with fine microphase separated structures was influenced remarkably. A higher activation energy was observed for the solutes with poor permeability through the membranes. INTRODUCTIONIt is known that different states of water are present in water-swollen membrane~.'-'~ The amount of each state of water in membranes varies with the affinity of membrane substrates for water. In a series of studies,16-'l we have investigated the relationship between the diffusive permeabilities of solutes through membranes and the amount of each state of water in them to clarify the mechanism of membrane permselectivity. Cellulose grafted with vinyl monomers in a homogeneous solution system has been used as membrane materials. The kind of monomers and composition of copolymers were varied to prepare the membranes of different affinity for water. The change in the states of water in the grafted membranes brought about changes in the permeabilities of solutes through them.In this paper, we chose a hydrophilic vinyl monomer, acrylamide ( AAm) .It is expected that the affinity of the membranes for water would increase. The permeabilities of solutes through the AAm-grafted cellulose membranes are investigated in relation to the composition of copolymers, microphase separated structures of the membranes, and states of water in them. EXPERIMENTAL Grafting and Membrane PreparationThe homogeneous grafting of AAm onto cellulose in a dimethyl sulfoxide! paraformaldehyde (DMSO/ PF ) solvent system and the characterization of * To whom correspondence should be addressed. The crude grafted mixtures were cast at room temperature on glass plates and dried at about 60°C under reduced pressure for 24 h. After being immersed in water for several days, the membranes were easily peeled off. All membranes were stored in distilled water until use.16 Diffusive PermeabilityThe diffusive permeability P was measured a t temperatures from 20.0 to 50.0"C by the method described in the previous paper.16 Ten solutes of different molecular weights were used. The values of Mu of commercial poly (ethylene glycol) ( P E G ) samples were estimated from [a] obtained with benzene atThe PEG samples were abbreviated as PEG-IV, PEG-VI, and PEG-XX in the order of increasing molecular weight. Hydraulic PermeabilityThe flux of water under an applied pressure of 10 kg cm-2 was measured with a reverse os...

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“…89,90 The synthesis of cellulosic graft copolymers with tailored surface properties is of great interest due to the wide range of application of such materials. For instance, graft copolymers can be used as antibacterial surfaces, 91 thermoresponsive smart materials, 92 membrane materials, 90,93 controlled drug-delivery vehicles, 94,95 reinforcing agents in composite materials and ion-exchange materials. 94 In conventional free radical polymerization methods, free radical sites are produced along the cellulose backbone either by chemical means or by radiation.…”

Section: 4: Cellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

RAFT mediated polysaccharide copolymers

Fleet

McLeary

Grumel

et al. 2008

European Polymer Journal

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ii Declaration I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree. _____________________ Reda FleetSigned on the 27 th day of September 2006. Abstract iii AbstractCellulose, one of the most abundant organic substances on earth, is a linear polymer of D-glucose units joined through 1,4-β-linkages. Cellulose is however not easily processed without chemical modification. A number of techniques exist for the modification of cellulose, of which the viscose process is one of the most widely applied. Grafting of synthetic polymeric chains onto or from cellulosic materials is an useful technique that can be used to combine the strengths of synthetic and natural polymers dramatically, so changing the properties of cellulosic materials (pulp, regenerated cellulose, cellulose derivatives).In this study five model xanthate (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer

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Permeability through cellulose membranes grafted with vinyl monomers in a homogeneous system. VI. States of water in membranes swollen in solutions

Cited by 15 publications

References 34 publications

Graft Polymerization: Grafting Poly(styrene) from Cellulose via Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization

Graft Polymerization: Grafting Poly(styrene) from Cellulose via Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization

Permeability through cellulose membranes grafted with vinyl monomers in a homogeneous system. VII. Acrylamide grafted cellulose membranes

RAFT mediated polysaccharide copolymers

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