Permeability of the Implanted Round Window Membrane in the Cat:<i>An Investigation Using Horseradish Peroxidase</i>

Franz, Burkhard; Clark, Graeme M.; Bloom, D. M.

doi:10.3109/00016488409098960

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Research on the penetration of horseradish peroxidase showed an increased permeability of the surrounding tissue and round window membrane over an approximately 2-week period after implantation [68]. Thereafter, the round window membrane barrier returned to normal in an additional 2 weeks.…”

Section: Prevention Of Inner Ear Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal reflections on the multichannel cochlear implant and a view of the future

Clark¹

2008

JRRD

120

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Abstract-The multichannel cochlear implant is the first neural prosthesis to effectively and safely bring electronic technology into a direct physiological relation with the central nervous system and human consciousness. It is also the first cochlear implant to give speech understanding to tens of thousands of persons with profound deafness and spoken language to children born deaf in more than 80 countries. In so doing, it is the first major advance in research and technology to help deaf children communicate since Sign Language of the Deaf was developed at the Paris deaf school (L'Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris) >200 years ago. Furthermore, biomedical research has been fundamental for ensuring that the multielectrode implant is safe as well as effective. More recent research has also shown that bilateral implants confer the benefits of binaural hearing. Future research using nanotechnology should see high-fidelity sound received, which would help deaf persons communicate in noise and enjoy music. Research should also lead to implants in ears with useful hearing.Key words: audiology, auditory neurophysiology, auditory psychophysics, bioengineering, education of hearing impaired, multichannel cochlear implant, nanotechnology, neural prosthesis, rehabilitation, severe to profound deafness, speech science. PERSONAL REFLECTIONS Hearing from Electrical Stimulation of Auditory Nerve Preliminary Studies on Subjects with HearingInterest in electrical methods of inducing hearing started after Alessandro Volta, who discovered the electrolytic cell, stimulated his own auditory system by connecting a battery of 30 or 40 "couples" to two metal rods, which he inserted into his ears. The sensation was momentary and lacked tonal quality [1].Because sound is an alternating disturbance in an elastic medium, stimulating the auditory system with a direct current (DC) was later appreciated to not reproduce a satisfactory hearing sensation. Consequently, Duchene of Boulogne in 1855 [2], and later others, stimulated the ear with an alternating current. The result, however, was still not satisfactory, and only noise was produced.Renewed interest occurred with the introduction of the thermionic valve, which enabled the auditory system to be stimulated electrically with much greater precision. This work was supported by the findings that the voltages recorded from the auditory nerve of a cat were similar in frequency and amplitude to the sounds presented to the ear, but they were still heard as noise [3].Abbreviations: ABF = adaptive beamformer, ACE = Advanced Combination Encoder, ADRO = adaptive dynamic range optimization, AGC = automatic gain control, ARC = Australian Research Council, ASC = automatic sensitivity control, CIS = continuous interleaved sampling, CNC = consonant-nucleusconsonant, DC = direct current, DRSP = differential rate speech processor, F0 = fundamental (voicing) frequency, F1 = first formant frequency, F2 = second formant frequency, FDA = Food and Drug Administration, NIH = National Institutes of Hea...

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Section: Prevention Of Inner Ear Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal reflections on the multichannel cochlear implant and a view of the future

Clark¹

2008

JRRD

120

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“…With the first line of defence against the spread of infection from otitis media, the surface cells around the electrode entry changed into mucus secreting cells and extended around and along the electrode array [10]. They produced mucus that is bacteriostatic, and the hairs of the mucous cells could beat to and fro to sweep the bacteria away.…”

Section: Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further studies demonstrated that the sheath around a single-component array enabled three lines of defence to be used against the spread of infection [10][11][12]. The first line of defence is the surface activity of mucus secreting cells, and their extension around the electrode.…”

Section: Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cochlear implants in children: safety as well as speech and language

Clark

2003

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

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“…Continuous stimulation 24 hours a day for 2000 hours with charge-balanced biphasic pulses had no effect on the auditory ganglion cells in the inner ear (Shepherd et al 1983). Finally, before embarking upon clinical investigations, a number of studies on the experimental animal were undertaken to help ensure that middle ear infection would not extend around the electrode array into the inner ear and lead to meningitis (Clark, Pyman et al 1984;Clark, Shepherd et al 1984;Franz et al 1984;Cranswick et al 1987). This was a possibility because the inner ear communicates with the cerebrospinal fluid within the cranial cavity through a number of routes (Clark 2003a).…”

Section: Basic Biological Research For a Multiple-channel Cochlear Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Bionic Ears: Their Development and Future Advances Using Neurotrophins and Inherently Conducting Polymers

Clark

Wallace

2004

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

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Abstract:The development of the multiple-channel bionic ear for hearing and speech understanding in profoundly deaf people is the result of integrating biological and physical sciences with engineering. It is the first clinically successful restoration of sensory and brain function, and brings electronic technology into a direct functional relationship with human consciousness. It presently transmits essential place and coarse temporal information for the coding of frequency, but the fine temporal and place excitation of groups of nerve fibres is inadequate for high-fidelity sound. This is required for adequate musical appreciation and hearing in noise. Research has demonstrated that nerve growth factors preserve the peripheral processes of the auditory nerves so that an electrode array placed close to these fibres could produce this fine temporal and spatial coding. The nerve growth factors can be incorporated into inherently conducting polymers that are part of the array so the peripheral processes can be preserved at the same time as they are electrically stimulated.

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Permeability of the Implanted Round Window Membrane in the Cat:An Investigation Using Horseradish Peroxidase

Cited by 32 publications

References 12 publications

Personal reflections on the multichannel cochlear implant and a view of the future

Personal reflections on the multichannel cochlear implant and a view of the future

Cochlear implants in children: safety as well as speech and language

Bionic Ears: Their Development and Future Advances Using Neurotrophins and Inherently Conducting Polymers

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