Peritraumatic Experience and Traumatic Stress

Gorman, Kaitlyn R.; Engel-Rebitzer, Eden; Ledoux, Annie M.; Bovin, Michelle J.; Marx, Brian P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_73

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Following discussion among the authors, the thematic framework was finalized. Distressing moments were accepted only if they had happened between the moment of the earthquake shock on the 24th of August and the State funerals that took place on the 30th of August or during the earthquake shocks of the 30th of October and 18th of January as per definition of peritraumatic, that is, occurring during or immediately after the traumatic event (Gorman et al, 2016). All sections corresponding to the peritraumatic time frame were then thematically analyzed to explore the most frequent themes in depth.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large volume of literature has been devoted to understanding the link between peritraumatic reactions and post-trauma psychopathology (Gorman et al, 2016). The systematic study of peritraumatic reactions began with Marmar et al’s (1994) study of peritraumatic dissociation at the end of the 1990s and with the inclusion of Criterion A2 (i.e., traumatic event had to be accompanied by “intense fear, helplessness, and horror”) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors During Disaster

2020

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Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors during traumatic events, that is, peritraumatic reactions, are key to post-trauma psychopathology development. Qualitative research is required to investigate whether existing quantitative methods capture the range and complexity of peritraumatic reactions as described by survivors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 104 earthquake survivors. Participants reported experiencing various peritraumatic reactions ( M = 21, range = 6–43). The survivors’ accounts confirmed presence and overall phenomenological characteristics of commonly studied peritraumatic reactions such as dissociation, distress, mental defeat, and immobility. In addition, novel and understudied reactions were identified: cognitive overload, hyperfocus, and emotion regulation, as well as positive affect. Finally, a number of cross-cutting phenomena were identified such as the social nature of many reactions and survivors evaluating their reactions as difficult to put into words. These findings have implications for the conceptualization of peritraumatic reactions, for trauma-focused psychotherapeutic interventions, and for the wellbeing of disaster survivors.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors During Disaster

2020

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“…It is associated with a higher risk and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 6 7 The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) was created to assess the emotional and physiological experience of individuals during a traumatic event. 8 Studies have shown that PDI has a good internal consistency, stability and validity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in France: a national assessment of at-risk populations

et al. 2020

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BackgroundLockdowns were implemented to limit the spread of COVID-19. Peritraumatic distress (PD) and post-traumatic stress disorder have been reported after traumatic events, but the specific effect of the pandemic is not well known.AimThe aim of this study was to assess PD in France, a country where COVID-19 had such a dramatic impact that it required a country-wide lockdown.MethodsWe recruited patients in four groups of chatbot users followed for breast cancer, asthma, depression and migraine. We used the Psychological Distress Inventory (PDI), a validated scale to measure PD during traumatic events, and correlated PD risk with patients’ characteristics in order to better identify the ones who were the most at risk.ResultsThe study included 1771 participants. 91.25% (n=1616) were female with a mean age of 32.8 (13.71) years and 7.96% (n=141) were male with a mean age of 28.0 (8.14) years. In total, 38.06% (n=674) of the respondents had psychological distress (PDI ≥14). An analysis of variance showed that unemployment and depression were significantly associated with a higher PDI score. Patients using their smartphones or computers for more than 1 hour a day also had a higher PDI score (p=0.026).ConclusionPrevalence of PD in at-risk patients is high. These patients are also at an increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder. Specific steps should be implemented to monitor and prevent PD through dedicated mental health policies if we want to limit the public health impact of COVID-19 in time.Trial registration numberNCT04337047.

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“…Peritraumatic distress is defined as the emotional and physiological distress experienced during and/or immediately after a traumatic event. Elevated peritraumatic distress is associated with a higher likelihood of developing PTSD and related psychological difficulties (Gorman, Engel-Rebitzer, Ledoux, Bovin, & Marx, 2014), and meta-analytic data indicate that peritraumatic distress is associated with increased PTSD severity (pooled correlation coefficient = .55; Thomas, Saumier, & Brunet, 2012). Moreover, peritraumatic psychological processes, such as peritraumatic distress, are the strongest predictors of PTSD, beyond characteristics such as prior trauma and adjustment and family psychological history (Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: Factor structure and predictive validity in traumatically injured patients admitted through a Level I trauma center

Bunnell

Davidson

Ruggiero

2018

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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Peritraumatic distress is defined as the emotional and physiological distress experienced during and/or immediately after a traumatic event and is associated with the development and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related psychological difficulties. The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) is a widely-used self-report measure for which psychometric evaluation has been limited. This study sought to assess the factor structure and predictive validity of the PDI with a clinical sample of 600 traumatically injured patients admitted to a Level I trauma center, 271 of whom completed a phone-based PTSD screening ∼30-days post-injury. The results confirmed previously proposed one- and two-factor solutions for the PDI. PDI scores predicted PTSD severity and positive PTSD screens (i.e., clinically elevated vs. non-elevated). Data suggested an optimal cutoff score of 23 (sensitivity = 71%; specificity = 73%) for predicting clinically elevated PTSD 30-days post-injury. This study provides further evidence supporting the PDI as a valid and reliable measure of peritraumatic distress and a useful clinical tool with significant prognostic value.

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Peritraumatic Experience and Traumatic Stress

Cited by 14 publications

References 61 publications

Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors During Disaster

Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors During Disaster

Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in France: a national assessment of at-risk populations

The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: Factor structure and predictive validity in traumatically injured patients admitted through a Level I trauma center

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