Peripubertal Pertubations in Elite Gymnasts Caused by Sport Specific Training Regimes and Inadequate Nutritional Intake

Abstract

Low body fat masses of elite female gymnasts are favoured for the current aesthetic appeal required for complex movements performed by the gymnasts. Optimal nutritional intake relative to physical training regimes is essential for pubertal development. Here we evaluate how high intensity training in combination with nutritional intake affects pubertal development. Twenty-two female (13.6 +/- 1.0 years) and 18 male (12.4 +/- 1.6 years) elite gymnasts from national cadres were enlisted in this study. Skeletal maturation and hormonal levels of the hypophyseal, gonadal, and adrenal axes were estimated. Prepubertal and pubertal stages were determined, and body composition was measured using two indirect methods. Whereas female gymnasts showed bone retardation (1.7 years), reduced height potential, minimal fat mass (4.3 +/- 1.3 kg), no significant increase in pubertal oestradiol levels (17.6 +/- 4.2 pg/ml vs. 23.9 +/- 13.4 pg/ml), and delayed menarche (2.3 years), male gymnasts displayed virtually unaltered pubertal development due to different training regimes. Nutritional intake was insufficient in all gymnasts although to a lesser extent for male gymnasts. Intensive physical training of elite female gymnasts combined with inadequate nutritional intake can alter the normal pattern of pubertal development. In female gymnasts the onset of menarche can be influenced by keeping the amount of fat mass low. There is a peripubertal change favouring fat mass over muscle mass in females while there is a net gain of muscle mass during pubertal development in males.

Análisis longitudinal de las dimensiones corporales en adolescentes de la Escuela Nacional de Ballet de Cuba

“…Bass et al 22 señalan que el entrenamiento físico intensivo durante la pubertad disminuye significativamente la velocidad de crecimiento del tronco en gimnastas de alto nivel comparadas con un grupo control. Otra investigación sugiere que el entrenamiento intensivo, combinado con una ingesta nutricional deficiente, puede alterar el normal desarrollo puberal de los individuos expuestos 23 . El incremento significativo en estatura en las bailarinas ocurre a expensas de la extremidad inferior para todos los grupos de edad.…”

Conséquences des restrictions pondérales imposées par le sport chez l’enfant et l’adolescent

“…ou de la saison des compétitions chez les sportifs soumis à des catégo-ries de poids [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] .…”

“…Bien que la consommation moyenne de glucides chez les gymnastes, les ballerines et les patineurs artistiques, par exemple, soit de 8 50% des apports énergétiques totaux, ces apports se composent essentiellement de sucres simples et non d'hydrates de carbone complexes [8,17,24,27,34] . Ces enquêtes nutritionnelles indiquent que la préférence pour le goût sucré n'est pas bien adaptée à l'augmentation des stocks de glycogène musculaire et hépatique.…”

“…nécessaires à l'optimisation de la croissance. Toutes les enquêtes nutritionnelles sur les sports à critères esthétiques, dont la danse, le patinage artistique, la gymnastique et la gymnastique rythmique, indiquent que les apports lipidiques sont insuffisants [8,11,17,24,27] . Dans les sports comportant des catégories de poids, la répartition des graisses oscille largement entre les périodes de perte et de reprise de poids (régime «yo-yo»).…”

Verification for the Effect of Growth Hormone Promotion and Kinetic Factor Evaluation on Growth Hormone Activated Shoes

“…서 론 키의 성장은 유전적인 요인뿐만 아니라 환경적인 요 인들에 의해 영향을 받으며, 환경적인 영향으로는 영양, 운동, 스트레스 등 다양한 요인이 있다 (Sinclari, 1978;Weimann et al, 2000;Rogol et al, 2000;박동호, 2002). 따라서 특히 성장기 어린이들의 키 성장을 위해 서는 영양이 부족하지 않도록 주의하고, 적절하게 운동 을 병해한다면 키 성장에 좋은 결과를 보이게 된다.…”