Peripheral Venous Distensibility and Velocity of Venous Blood Flow During Pregnancy or During Oral Contraceptive Therapy

Goodrich, Samuel M.; Wood, J. Edwin

doi:10.1097/00006254-196504000-00009

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…This finding was surprising in light of previous research in which most (1,7,10,22,23,40) but not all (6) studies have shown that variations in exogenous and endogenous forms of the female sex hormones change the distensibility of the veins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…This potentially means that venous compliance of women during certain hormone profiles may be equal to or greater than that of men; these changes may increase women's cardiovascular stress and possibly their susceptibility to orthostatic intolerance during certain phases of the menstrual cycle or oral contraceptive use. To date, the effects of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on orthostatic tolerance are unclear.Earlier studies provided conflicting results regarding the effects of estrogen and progesterone on the veins (1,6,7,9,10,22, 23,40). The inconsistent results of these studies may be due in part to the use of different experimental approaches employed to study venous compliance or regional differences in response to estrogen and progesterone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier studies provided conflicting results regarding the effects of estrogen and progesterone on the veins (1,6,7,9,10,22,23,40). The inconsistent results of these studies may be due in part to the use of different experimental approaches employed to study venous compliance or regional differences in response to estrogen and progesterone.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on calf venous compliance

Meendering

Torgrimson

Houghton

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Numerous studies have shown that the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone have multiple effects on the vasculature. Thus our goal was to investigate the effects of estrogen and progesterone on calf venous compliance by looking for cyclic changes during the early follicular, ovulatory, and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle and during high and low hormone phases of oral contraceptive use. Additionally, we wanted to compare the venous compliance of normally menstruating women, oral contraceptive users, and men. We studied eight normally menstruating women (23 Ϯ 1 yr of age) during the early follicular, ovulatory, and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Nine triphasic oral contraceptive users (21 Ϯ 1 yr of age) were studied during weeks of high and low hormone concentrations. Eight men (23 Ϯ 1 yr of age) were studied twice within 2-4 wk. With the use of venous occlusion plethysmography with mercury in-Silastic strain gauges, lower limb venous compliance was measured by inflating a venous collection cuff that was placed on the thigh to 60 mmHg for 8 min and then reducing the pressure to 0 mmHg at a rate of 1 mmHg/s. Venous compliance was calculated as the derivative of the pressure-volume curves. There were no differences between early follicular, ovulatory, and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle or between high and low hormone phases of oral contraceptive use (P Ͼ 0.05). Male venous compliance was significantly greater than in normally menstruating women (P Ͻ 0.001) and oral contraceptive users (P Ͻ 0.002). These data support a sex difference but also suggest that venous compliance does not change with menstrual cycle phase or during the course of oral contraceptive use. estrogen; progesterone; orthostatic tolerance WHEN HUMANS ASSUME AN UPRIGHT posture, blood progressively pools in the compliant veins of the lower limbs. This action decreases central blood volume and venous return and subsequently elicits orthostatic stress by challenging blood pressure (2, 34). Greater lower limb venous compliance has been linked to orthostatic intolerance, which suggests that greater venous compliance augments venous pooling and therefore elicits greater reductions in venous return and stroke volume. For example, Halliwill et al. (12) report that the cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress are less when blood pooling within the lower limbs is minimized. Furthermore, greater orthostatic tolerance has been found in subjects with decreased venous compliance compared with subjects having highly compliant veins (21, 39). Although Hernandez et al. (14) found no difference in orthostatic tolerance between subject groups with high and low venous compliance, the subjects with the highest venous compliance showed the earliest increases in heart rate and decreases in stroke volume during lower body negative pressure (15). These data suggest that lower limb venous compliance may have a direct impact on cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress and possibly orthostatic tolerance.It has been clearly demon...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on calf venous compliance

Meendering

Torgrimson

Houghton

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…The possibility should be considered that an increase in venous return also plays a major role. In the literature, numerous data indicate a significant increase in venous capacitance (11,17,18,28,35,47). However, significant discrepancies have also been reported, depending mainly on the site of measurement of venous variables (40, 46).…”

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confidence: 99%

Venous and arterial behavior during normal pregnancy

Edouard

Pannier

London

et al. 1998

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Physiol. 43): H1605-H1612, 1998.-To assess the contribution of the arterial and venous systems in the hemodynamic changes of normal pregnancy, we studied blood flow, vascular resistance, venous tone, and the viscoelastic properties (''creep'') of the upper and lower limbs (using plethysmography), aortic distensibility (using pulse wave velocity measurements), and cardiac dimensions (using echocardiography) in nine healthy women. Studies were longitudinally performed at the first (10-13 wk) and third (33-38 wk) trimesters of pregnancy in comparison with the period between the third and sixth month after delivery. From the first trimester, heart rate significantly increased while systemic blood pressure and limb vascular resistances did not change significantly and aortic distensibility increased (P Ͻ 0.05). Lower limb viscoelastic properties decreased at the third trimester (P Ͻ 0.05) and venous tone increased from the first trimester (P Ͻ 0.01), whereas little changes were observed at the site of upper limbs. The decrease in calf venous tone was significantly correlated with the increase in left ventricular diastolic diameter at the first (P Ͻ 0.001) and the third trimester (P Ͻ 0.05). The study provides evidence that during normal pregnancy, changes in the arterial and venous sides of the circulation occur independently of pressure alterations. The increase in venous tone, contributing to preload augmentation, and the decrease in aortic stiffness, reducing afterload, both optimize cardiac function until delivery. venous tone; aortic compliance; arterial distensibility; cardiac function IT IS WELL ACCEPTED that a normal pregnancy is characterized by a large increase in total blood volume and in cardiac output (31,32,48). Blood volume expansion appears early during the pregnancy and rises up to 50%. Cardiac output rises up to 40-50% above nonpregnant values, and the highest increase is reached halfway through gestation. Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume. Heart rate is known to reach a 10-27% increase between weeks 4 and 36 of pregnancy (10). However, an increase in stroke volume might also play an important role at the early phase. Stroke volume appears elevated at least until weeks 28-32 (31). The mechanism(s) causing the increase in stroke volume are not yet well established. In pregnant rats and women, an increased cardiac contractility has been suggested (13,36,44), but the differentiation between the contractile properties of cardiac muscle itself and the contractile changes that result from altered preload and afterload is difficult to establish. The possibility should be considered that an increase in venous return also plays a major role. In the literature, numerous data indicate a significant increase in venous capacitance (11,17,18,28,35,47). However, significant discrepancies have also been reported, depending mainly on the site of measurement of venous variables (40, 46). Furthermore, the early venous changes could not be adequately detected because pregnant women were not ...

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“…In pregnancy, in addition to increases in plasma volume, cardiac output, and stroke volume (49)(50)(51) there is redistribution of the cardiac output with substantial increase in blood flow to the uterus (52), kidneys (53), skin (54), nasal mucous membranes (55), and probably the breasts. In nonpregnant women, oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progesterone increase plasma volume, cardiac output, stroke volume (10), and forearm blood flow (56). There are numerous reports of systemic hypertension due to oral contraceptive agents (10,57,58).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine vascular tissues are targets for androgens, estrogens, progestins, and glucocorticoids.

Horwitz¹,

Horwitz²

1982

J. Clin. Invest.

227

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A B S T R A C T Sex differences and steroid hormones are known to influence the vascular system as shown by the different incidence of atherosclerosis in men and premenopausal women, or by the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in women taking birth control pills or men taking estrogens. However, the mechanisms for these effects in vascular tissues are not known. Since steroid actions in target tissues are mediated by receptors, we have looked for cytoplasmic steroid receptor proteins in vascular tissues of dogs. We find specific saturable receptors, sedimenting at 8S on sucrose density gradients for estrogens (measured with [3H] We hypothesize that steroid hormones can have direct effects on vascular tissues mediated by specific receptors present in arterial blood vessel walls.

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Peripheral Venous Distensibility and Velocity of Venous Blood Flow During Pregnancy or During Oral Contraceptive Therapy

Cited by 22 publications

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Effects of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on calf venous compliance

Effects of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on calf venous compliance

Venous and arterial behavior during normal pregnancy

Canine vascular tissues are targets for androgens, estrogens, progestins, and glucocorticoids.

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