Peripheral oxidative stress in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis

Metabolic alterations in multiple sclerosis and the impact of vitamin D supplementation

“…These findings are consistent with a large body of literature implicating a role of oxidative stress in MS (15,16). Elevated oxidative stress markers can be detected in body fluids from patients with MS, and CNS tissue from MS patients displays evidence of oxidative stress-related damage (17,18). Increased oxidative stress may also play a role in MS progression (16).…”

Glutathione in multiple sclerosis: More than just an antioxidant?

“…2 Concurrently, several markers of oxidative stress were found to be increased in the serum and brain of MS patients. 6,7,17 Together, this suggests that oxidative stress plays an important role in the early, active phase of MS.…”

“…27 Moreover, in a recent study, peripheral blood levels of several oxidative stress markers were shown to be increased in RRMS patients, whereas the levels of GPx, GST and total antioxidant capacity were decreased. 17 Curiously, GSH levels in the blood of MS patients increased, which might in part be explained by the reported increase in GR activity that regenerates GSH from GSSG. 17,23 GPx activity in blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) of MS patients is reported to be lower than in controls.…”

“…17 Curiously, GSH levels in the blood of MS patients increased, which might in part be explained by the reported increase in GR activity that regenerates GSH from GSSG. 17,23 GPx activity in blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) of MS patients is reported to be lower than in controls. 28 In accordance, Calabrese and co-workers 29 reported decreased GPx activity and increased GR activity in the CSF of MS patients; however, Sorensen and coworkers 30 found no changes in the activity of GPx in the lymphocytes of MS patients during acute relapses, and although having reported decreased GPx activity in erythrocytes of MS patients, Szeinberg and colleagues 31 reported normal GPx activity in lymphocytes.…”

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“…Some data supplied by our group in patients with relapsingremitting MS (RRMS) recently showed that the status of the patient's disease was associated with changes in oxidative damage biomarkers and antioxidant systems at a peripheric level and that these values returned to normal in patients submitted to treatment with Natalizumab (a monoclonal antibody used in MS treatment; anti-VLA-4; Tysabri ® , Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, USA) [14][15][16]. This situation has been supported and verified by data, not yet published, of our group in the animal model of EAE induced by the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG).…”