Peripheral nerve injury and causalgia secondary to routine venipuncture

Horowitz, Steven H.

doi:10.1212/wnl.44.5.962

Cited by 86 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…Reproduced with permission from [74] "complex regional pain syndrome" terminology with the CRPS-I subtype replacing reflex sympathetic dystrophy for patients without documented nerve injuries, and CRPS-II replacing causalgia for patients with localized nerve injuries [34]. As the means by which nerve injuries should be diagnosed was never specified, and partial or distal nerve injuries often remain undiagnosed, for instance those caused by phlebotomy [41], the distinction between CRPS-I and CRPS-II is dubious (see Table 1 for the current International Association for the Study of Pain diagnostic criteria). Early concerns that CRPS was caused by psychopathology were resolved by pathological demonstration of somatotopic dysfunction and degeneration of small unmyelinated axons (Fig.…”

Section: Complex Regional Pain Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunotherapy Prospects for Painful Small-fiber Sensory Neuropathies and Ganglionopathies

Oaklander

2016

Neurotherapeutics

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The best-known peripheral neuropathies are those affecting the large, myelinated motor and sensory fibers. These have well-established immunological causes and therapies. Far less is known about the somatic and autonomic "small fibers"; the unmyelinated C-fibers, thinly myelinated A-deltas, and postganglionic sympathetics. The small fibers sense pain and itch, innervate internal organs and tissues, and modulate the inflammatory and immune responses. Symptoms of small-fiber neuropathy include chronic pain and itch, sensory impairment, edema, and skin color, temperature, and sweating changes. Small-fiber polyneuropathy (SFPN) also causes cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urological symptoms, the neurologic origin of which often remains unrecognized. Routine electrodiagnostic study does not detect SFPN, so skin biopsies immunolabeled to reveal axons are recommended for diagnostic confirmation. Preliminary evidence suggests that dysimmunity causes some cases of small-fiber neuropathy. Several autoimmune diseases, including Sjögren and celiac, are associated with painful small-fiber ganglionopathy and distal axonopathy, and some patients with "idiopathic" SFPN have evidence of organ-specific dysimmunity, including serological markers. Dysimmune SFPN first came into focus in children and teenagers as they lack other risk factors, for example diabetes or toxic exposures. In them, the rudimentary evidence suggests humoral rather than cellular mechanisms and complement consumption. Preliminary evidence supports efficacy of corticosteroids and immunoglobulins in carefully selected children and adult patients. This paper reviews the evidence of immune causality and the limited data regarding immunotherapy for small-fiberpredominant ganglionitis, regional neuropathy (complex regional pain syndrome), and distal SFPN. These demonstrate the need to develop case definitions and outcome metrics to improve diagnosis, enable prospective trials, and dissect the mechanisms of small-fiber neuropathy.

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Section: Complex Regional Pain Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunotherapy Prospects for Painful Small-fiber Sensory Neuropathies and Ganglionopathies

Oaklander

2016

Neurotherapeutics

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“…In case of the BV, it is normally used for venipuncture and catheterization to monitor the central venous pressure. Venipuncture-associated causalgia resulting from the MACN injury has been reported (Horowitz, 1994(Horowitz, , 2000. Therefore, the presence of MACN close to or even over the BV should be aware during the procedure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the MACN has been used as donor graft for repair of several injured nerves, for example, digital nerve (Nunley et al, 1989), facial nerve (Haller & Shelton, 1997) and posterior interosseous nerve (Mokhtee et al, 2009). Due to the close proximity between the MACN and basilic vein (BV), the nerve is vulnerable to trauma caused by venipuncture (Horowitz, 1994;Horowitz, 2000). Therefore, precise knowledge in the anatomy of MACN is crucial for these procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve: Anatomical Relationship with the Medial Epicondyle, Basilic Vein and Brachial Artery

et al. 2014

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SUMMARY:Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MACN) courses in the medial arm to provide sensory innervation to the medial forearm. Its anatomy has been partly described since data regarding its branching pattern and distances to adjacent landmarks are still lacking. The purpose of this study was to provide morphometric anatomy of the MACN with comparisons between sides and sexes. Ninety-six upper extremities from 26 males and 22 females were dissected. We found that up to 5 branches of MACN pierced the deep fascia with the maximum of 4 reaching the interepicondylar line (IEL). Presence of 2 and 3 branches was found in the majority of cases (> 80%). The distances from these branches to the landmarks varied considerably. In case of no branch, the mean distances to the medial epicondyle (ME) and brachial artery (BA) were approximately 1.5 cm while those to the basilic vein (BV) were 0.7 cm in both sexes. Regardless of the branching pattern, the MACN could pass over or close (within 0.5 cm) to the ME, BV and BA. Asymmetry in the branching pattern was found in 50% of specimens. Sex but not side differences were observed in some measurement parameters. These data are crucial for not only localizing the MACN during nerve block and graft harvest but also avoiding the nerve injury during surgical procedures.

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“…17 Studies were also excluded if they used more invasive methods of blood collection (cannulation or catheterisation), or collected arterial or capillary rather than venous blood samples.…”

Section: Venepuncture: Adverse Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three additional relevant articles, by Berry and Wallis, 24 Horowitz, 17 and Yuan and Cohen, 25 were identified from citations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the value of routinely testing full blood count, electrolytes and urea, and pulmonary function tests before elective surgery in patients with no apparent clinical indication and in subgroups of patients with common comorbidities: a systematic review of the clinical and cost-effective literature

Czoski-Murray

Jones²,

McCabe³

et al. 2012

Health Technol Assess

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Peripheral nerve injury and causalgia secondary to routine venipuncture

Cited by 86 publications

References 0 publications

Immunotherapy Prospects for Painful Small-fiber Sensory Neuropathies and Ganglionopathies

Immunotherapy Prospects for Painful Small-fiber Sensory Neuropathies and Ganglionopathies

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve: Anatomical Relationship with the Medial Epicondyle, Basilic Vein and Brachial Artery

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