Peripheral inflammation increases the deleterious effect of CNS inflammation on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system

A 5-Year Follow-up Study on the Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Parkinson Disease

“…24 In addition, peripheral inflammatory signals can also be transmitted to the brain via the vagus nerve, consistent with the enteric autonomic nervous system route of the dual-hit hypothesis that initiates the development of PD. 25 Consequently, we postulated that OSA may trigger aberrant inflammatory responses, convey inflammatory signals to the brain through humoral or neural routes, and bring about microglial activation and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.…”

In vitrodopaminergic neurotoxicity of pesticides: a link with neurodegeneration?

“…The notion that the immune system is involved in the aetiology of PD is underlined by the observation that non-aspirin NSAIDs are neuroprotective (Gagne & Power 2010). Additionally, peripheral inflammation is observed to influence neurodegeneration-associated brain inflammation (Hern andez-Romero et al 2012).…”

Early-life enteric infections: relation between chronic systemic inflammation and poor cognition in children

“…147 In addition, peripheral inflammation (induced by carrageenan injection into the paw of rats) can exacerbate the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the increase in brain inflammatory markers caused by intranigral injection of LPS. 148 It has been suggested that disruption of the intestinal mucosa by increased translocation of gram-negative bacteria (including Hafnei alvei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas putida, Citrobacter koseri, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) is associated with major depression. 149 However, it is still uncertain whether low doses of LPS can cause changes in the blood-brain barrier significant enough to cause microglial activation and neuroinflammation over extended periods of time.…”