Peripheral defocus does not necessarily affect central refractive development

Schippert, Ruth; Schaeffel, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.05.008

Cited by 49 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In contrast to the results from our monkeys in the -3D-aperture group and the effects of peripheral form deprivation in chicks, Schippert and Schaeffel (2006) have reported that peripheral defocus does not necessarily affect central refractive development in chicks. Although it is possible that the effects of peripheral vision are more localized in chicks, and that any changes are restricted to the periphery of the chick eye, it is also likely that this apparent discrepancy reflects methodological differences in rearing strategies rather than an interspecies difference in sensitivity to peripheral defocus or a difference between the effects of defocus and form deprivation in chicks.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…However, Schippert and Schaeffel (Schippert & Schaeffel, 2006) recently reported that optically imposed peripheral hyperopic defocus does not affect central refractive development in chicks. They found that although lenses that defocused the entire retina consistently produced central myopic compensation in chicks, lenses with central apertures that allowed unrestricted central vision did not.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative peripheral hyperopic defocus alters central refractive development in infant monkeys

2009

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Understanding the role of peripheral defocus on central refractive development is critical because refractive errors can vary significantly with eccentricity and peripheral refractions have been implicated in the genesis of central refractive errors in humans. Two rearing strategies were used to determine whether peripheral hyperopia alters central refractive development in rhesus monkeys. In intact eyes, lens-induced relative peripheral hyperopia produced central axial myopia. Moreover, eliminating the fovea by laser photoablation did not prevent compensating myopic changes in response to optically imposed hyperopia. These results show that peripheral refractive errors can have a substantial impact on central refractive development in primates.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative peripheral hyperopic defocus alters central refractive development in infant monkeys

2009

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“…Although on-axis refraction (central refractive error) is the major determinant of central visual acuity, there is increasing evidence suggesting that peripheral defocus also plays an important role in the development of myopia, 7-12 although one study has reported contradictory results. 13 In keeping with this notion, previous studies have shown that subjects with relative hyperopic peripheral refraction are more likely to have a prolate posterior eye shape. 14 -16 By contrast, those with relative myopic peripheral refraction are more likely to have an oblate posterior eye shape.…”

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confidence: 81%

Heritability of Peripheral Refraction in Chinese Children and Adolescents: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study

Ding

Lin

Huang

et al. 2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE.To estimate the heritability of peripheral refraction in Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS. The authors examined 72 monozygotic (MZ) twins and 48 dizygotic (DZ) twins aged 8 to 20 years from a population-based twin registry. Temporal and nasal peripheral refraction, each 40°from the visual axis, and axial refraction were measured using an autorefractor. Relative peripheral refractive error (RPRE) was defined as the peripheral refraction minus the axial refraction. Heritability was assessed by structural equation modeling after adjustment for age and sex. 1 Longitudinal and crosssectional epidemiologic studies have suggested that the prevalence of myopia exceeds 70% among teenagers living in urban areas in East Asia.2-4 In recent population-based studies among adult Chinese living in urban and rural settings, myopic retinopathy has been the second-leading cause of blindness after cataract. 5,6 Despite intensive research in recent decades, the etiology of myopia remains elusive. Although on-axis refraction (central refractive error) is the major determinant of central visual acuity, there is increasing evidence suggesting that peripheral defocus also plays an important role in the development of myopia, 7-12 although one study has reported contradictory results. 13 In keeping with this notion, previous studies have shown that subjects with relative hyperopic peripheral refraction are more likely to have a prolate posterior eye shape. 14 -16 By contrast, those with relative myopic peripheral refraction are more likely to have an oblate posterior eye shape. 14 -16 Interestingly, there appears to be ethnic variation in the distribution of peripheral refraction, with East Asians having a greater degree of relative peripheral hyperopia (more prolate ocular shape) than do persons of European descent with similar central refractive power. [17][18][19] It remains unclear whether this ethnic difference is attributable to inherited genetic susceptibilities or socioenvironmental differences. It is therefore important to understand whether peripheral refraction is genetically determined. Such information may shed light on the mechanisms underlying the development of myopia.Twin studies offer a unique opportunity to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental effects to the development of complex traits and diseases. 20 In classic twin studies, it is assumed that monozygotic (MZ) twins share 100% of their genes, whereas dizygotic (DZ) twins share, on average, 50%. The heritability of a specific phenotype can be estimated by comparing the phenotypic concordance within MZ and DZ twin pairs. The purpose of this study was to estimate the distribution and heritability of peripheral refraction in young twins. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS SubjectsSubjects were recruited from participants in the Guangzhou Twin Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of 9709 twin pairs that began in 2006.21 Children older than 8 years of age who visited the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between

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“…An infrared video-photoretinoscope 12 includes the advantage of measuring from a distance, and it has been used to assess the peripheral refractive state in humans 13 and chickens. 14 All the techniques described in previous studies have advantages and disadvantages, but all of them include a common methodological pattern: The subject has to fixate different peripheral stimuli so that the visual field will be scanned at a few discrete positions while the operator performs the measurements. A different, but technically equivalent, situation occurs when the operator moves the instrument and scans the field at discrete angular positions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%