Peripheral blood flow changes in response to postexercise cold water immersion

Choo, Hui Cheng; Nosaka, Kazunori; Peiffer, Jeremiah J.; Ihsan, Mohammed; Yeo, Chow Chea; Abbiss, Chris R.

doi:10.1111/cpf.12380

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Similar results have been reported previously (15,44) and align with recent meta-analyses which reported that CWI has a trivial-small effect on reducing lactate 277 (Hedges' g < 0.3) (16) and CK (Hedges' g < 0.1 -0.2) (16,22) efflux in to the blood post-278 exercise. It has been proposed that efflux rates may be sensitive to blood flow changes (22) and 279 although regional blood flow was not measured in the present study it is likely that blood flow 280 disturbances were greater in CWI5 than CWI14 and in both CWI trials compared to CON (7).…”

Section: The Effect Of Cwi On Physiological Markers Of Recovery 268mentioning

confidence: 73%

Effect of Cold (14° C) vs. Ice (5° C) Water Immersion on Recovery From Intermittent Running Exercise

Anderson

Nunn

Tyler

2018

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The purpose was to compare 14°C (CWI14°C) and 5°C (CWI5°C) cold water immersion following intermittent running. On three occasions, nine male team-sport players undertook 12 min of CWI14°C, CWI5°C or non-immersed seated recovery (CON) following 45 min of 7 intermittent running exercise. Maximal cycling performance and markers of recovery were 8 measured before and in the 0-72 h after exercise. Peak power output (PPO) was immediately 9 reduced following all interventions (d = 1.8). CWI5°C was more effective at restoring PPO than 10 CWI14°C (d = 0.38) and CON (d = 0.28) 24 h post-exercise while both CON (d = 0.20) and CWI5 (d = 0.37) were more effective than CWI14°C after 48 h. CWI was more effective than 12 CON at restoring PPO 72 h post-exercise (d = 0.28-0.30). Mean power output (MPO) was 13 higher in CON compared to CWI5°C (d = 0.30) and CWI14°C (d = 0.21) but there was no 14 difference between CWI5°C and CWI14°C (d = 0.08). CWI5°C was more effective than CWI14°C 15 for restoring MPO to baseline levels 24 h (d = 0.28) and 72 h (d = 0.28) post-exercise; however, CON was more, or equally, effective as CWI5°C and CWI14°C throughout. Lactate and creatine kinase concentrations were unaffected. Perceived muscle soreness remained elevated in CWI5 18 and CON throughout but was similar to baseline in CWI14°C after 72 h. In conclusion, repeated bouts of exercise are initially impaired following 5°C and 14°C CWI, but PPO may be improved 72 h post-exercise. CWI is not recommended for acute recovery based on these data. Athletes and coaches should use the time currently allocated to CWI for more effective, alternative recovery modalities.

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Section: The Effect Of Cwi On Physiological Markers Of Recovery 268mentioning

confidence: 73%

Effect of Cold (14° C) vs. Ice (5° C) Water Immersion on Recovery From Intermittent Running Exercise

Anderson

Nunn

Tyler

2018

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…Overall, the increase in Δtotal[Hb+Mb] muscle in the TA muscle was a result of the Δoxy[Hb+Mb] muscle increase during the CCWI, and this response was a result of both the Δoxy[Hb+Mb] muscle and Δdeoxy[Hb+Mb] muscle during the recovery period. Choo et al (2018b) reported that the skin blood flow had notably less influence on the total[Hb+Mb] signal during the recovery after cooling compared to a non-cooling recovery. However, our findings regarding the Δtotal[Hb+Mb] muscle kinetics differed, and they indicate that CO 2 could influence the muscle blood flow increase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Application of carbon dioxide to the skin and muscle oxygenation of human lower-limb muscle sites during cold water immersion

Yoshimura

Hojo

Yamamoto

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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Background Cold therapy has the disadvantage of inducing vasoconstriction in arterial and venous capillaries. The effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) hot water depend mainly on not only cutaneous vasodilation but also muscle vasodilation. We examined the effects of artificial CO2 cold water immersion (CCWI) on skin oxygenation and muscle oxygenation and the immersed skin temperature. Subjects and Methods Fifteen healthy young males participated. CO2-rich water containing CO2 >1,150 ppm was prepared using a micro-bubble device. Each subject’s single leg was immersed up to the knee in the CO2-rich water (20 °C) for 15 min, followed by a 20-min recovery period. As a control study, a leg of the subject was immersed in cold tap-water at 20 °C (CWI). The skin temperature at the lower leg under water immersion (Tsk-WI) and the subject’s thermal sensation at the immersed and non-immersed lower legs were measured throughout the experiment. We simultaneously measured the relative changes of local muscle oxygenation/deoxygenation compared to the basal values (Δoxy[Hb+Mb], Δdeoxy[Hb+Mb], and Δtotal[Hb+Mb]) at rest, which reflected the blood flow in the muscle, and we measured the tissue O2 saturation (StO2) by near-infrared spectroscopy on two regions of the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS) muscles. Results Compared to the CWI results, the Δoxy[Hb+Mb] and Δtotal[Hb+Mb] in the TA muscle at CCWI were increased and continued at a steady state during the recovery period. In GAS muscle, the Δtotal[Hb+Mb] and Δdeoxy[Hb+Mb] were increased during CCWI compared to CWI. Notably, StO2values in both TA and GAS muscles were significantly increased during CCWI compared to CWI. In addition, compared to the CWI, a significant decrease in Tsk at the immersed leg after the CCWI was maintained until the end of the 20-min recovery, and the significant reduction continued. Discussion The combination of CO2 and cold water can induce both more increased blood inflow into muscles and volume-related (total heme concentration) changes in deoxy[Hb+Mb] during the recovery period. The Tsk-WI stayed lower with the CCWI compared to the CWI, as it is associated with vasodilation by CO2.

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“…In the present study, the improved performance could potentially be explained by the reduced sensation of DOMS (Figure 3 ), independent of muscle damage. Indeed, perception of DOMS seems to be important to the recovery of exercise performance, as muscle pain independent of muscle damage has been shown to impair force generating capacity ( Graven-Nielsen et al, 2002 ) Accordingly, CWI has been suggested to modulate the sensation of DOMS, and by extension muscle function, through limiting oedema ( Ihsan et al, 2013 ; Choo et al, 2016 ) and/or through activating cutaneous receptors that mediate analgesia ( Knowlton et al, 2013 ; Ihsan et al, 2016 ). Counterintuitive to the notion of recovery, CWI resulted in moderate and large decrements in POST-R for 5-m and 10-m sprint performances, respectively (Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Water Immersion Enhanced Athletes’ Wellness and 10-m Short Sprint Performance 24-h After a Simulated Mixed Martial Arts Combat

et al. 2018

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Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of Cold Water Immersion (CWI) on the recovery of physical performance, hematological stress markers and perceived wellness (i.e., Hooper scores) following a simulated Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) competition.Methods: Participants completed two experimental sessions in a counter-balanced order (CWI or passive recovery for control condition: CON), after a simulated MMAs competition (3 × 5-min MMA rounds separated by 1-min of passive rest). During CWI, athletes were required to submerge their bodies, except the trunk, neck and head, in the seated position in a temperature-controlled bath (∼10°C) for 15-min. During CON, athletes were required to be in a seated position for 15-min in same room ambient temperature. Venous blood samples (creatine kinase, cortisol, and testosterone concentrations) were collected at rest (PRE-EX, i.e., before MMAs), immediately following MMAs (POST-EX), immediately following recovery (POST-R) and 24 h post MMAs (POST-24), whilst physical fitness (squat jump, countermovement-jump and 5- and 10-m sprints) and perceptual measures (well-being Hooper index: fatigue, stress, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and sleep) were collected at PRE-EX, POST-R and POST-24, and at PRE-EX and POST-24, respectively.Results: The main results indicate that POST-R sprint (5- and 10-m) performances were ‘likely to very likely’ (d = 0.64 and 0.65) impaired by prior CWI. However, moderate improvements were in 10-m sprint performance were ‘likely’ evident at POST-24 after CWI compared with CON (d = 0.53). Additionally, the use of CWI ‘almost certainly’ resulted in a large overall improvement in Hooper scores (d = 1.93). Specifically, CWI ‘almost certainly’ resulted in improved sleep quality (d = 1.36), stress (d = 1.56) and perceived fatigue (d = 1.51), and ‘likely’ resulted in a moderate decrease in DOMS (d = 0.60).Conclusion: The use of CWI resulted in an enhanced recovery of 10-m sprint performance, as well as improved perceived wellness 24-h following simulated MMA competition.

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Peripheral blood flow changes in response to postexercise cold water immersion

Cited by 27 publications

References 44 publications

Effect of Cold (14° C) vs. Ice (5° C) Water Immersion on Recovery From Intermittent Running Exercise

Effect of Cold (14° C) vs. Ice (5° C) Water Immersion on Recovery From Intermittent Running Exercise

Application of carbon dioxide to the skin and muscle oxygenation of human lower-limb muscle sites during cold water immersion

Cold Water Immersion Enhanced Athletes’ Wellness and 10-m Short Sprint Performance 24-h After a Simulated Mixed Martial Arts Combat

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