Peripheral Biomarkers in DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders: An Updated Overview

Vismara, Matteo; Girone, Nicolaja; Cirnigliaro, Giovanna; Fasciana, Federica; Vanzetto, S.; Ferrara, Luca; Priori, Alberto; Viganò, Caterina; Dell’Osso, Bernardo

doi:10.3390/brainsci10080564

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 269 publications

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“…The CSF study has brought significant benefits in understanding the pathophysiology of brain disorders [ 116 ]. However, it should be taken into account that lumbar puncture is an invasive procedure, and the components of the cerebrospinal fluid do not accurately reflect the neurochemistry of the cells in the brain [ 117 ]. Therefore, this procedure is not performed very often for psychiatric disorders, and most of the data collected concerns affective or psychotic disorders, but not anxiety disorders [ 118 ].…”

Section: Cerebrospinal Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Markers in Anxiety Disorders

Łoś

Waszkiewicz

2021

JCM

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Anxiety disorders are one of the most commonly reported disorders in psychiatry, causing a high medical and socio-economic burden. Recently, there has been a soaring interest in the biological basis of anxiety disorders, which is reflected in an increasing number of articles related to the topic. Due to the ambiguity of the diagnosis and a large number of underdiagnosed patients, researchers are looking for laboratory tests that could facilitate the diagnosis of anxiety disorders in clinical practice and would allow for the earliest possible implementation of appropriate treatment. Such potential biomarkers may also be useable in monitoring the efficacy of pharmacological therapy for anxiety disorders. Therefore this article reviews the literature of potential biomarkers such as components of saliva, peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and neuroimaging studies. There are promising publications in the literature that can be useful. The most valuable and promising markers of saliva are cortisol, lysozyme, and α-amylase (sAA). In the blood, in turn, we can distinguish serotonin, brain-derived serum neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cortisol, and microRNA. Structural changes in the amygdala and hippocampus are promising neuroimaging markers, while in CSF, potential markers include oxytocin and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Unfortunately, research in the field of biomarkers is hampered by insufficient knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of anxiety disorders, the significant heterogeneity of anxiety disorders, frequent comorbidities, and low specificity of biomarkers. The development of appropriate biomarker panels and their assessment using new approaches may have the prospective to overcome the above-mentioned obstacles.

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Section: Cerebrospinal Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Markers in Anxiety Disorders

Łoś

Waszkiewicz

2021

JCM

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“…In this respect, using appropriate anxiety rating scales, such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale -Anxiety (HADS-A), Generalised Anxiety Disorder-2 or 7 scale (GAD-2 or GAD-7) (Sapra et al 2020), and anti-inflammatory treatments that have effects on both anxiety and COVID-19, discussed below will be very useful, given the role of the immune system in both conditions. Very useful will be application of anxiety peripheral blood biomarkers (Vismara et al 2020). It is notable that some patients with COVID-19 display a correlation between anxiety and inflammatory markers Parker et al 2020).…”

Section: Presentation Of Anxiety In Covid-19 Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presentation and management of anxiety in individuals with acute symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, and in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase

Uzunova

Pallanti

Hollander

2021

International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice

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COVID-19 is associated with neuropsychiatric complications, the most frequent one being anxiety. Multiple biological and psychosocial factors contribute to anxiety in COVID-19. Among the biological factors, stress, genetics, gender, immune system, resilience, anosmia, hypogeusia, and central nervous system infection with SARS-CoV-2 are key. Anxiety is a complication of COVID-19 that may exacerbate the infection course, and the infection may exacerbate anxiety. We present the mechanisms of anxiety in symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19. We discuss the presentation of anxiety in patients without or with prior psychiatric illness, and with co-morbidities. Timely diagnosis and management of anxiety in COVID-19 patients is important. Given the frequent complication of COVID-19 with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Intensive Care Unit stay, anxiety may be a long-term complication. We review the diagnostic tools for anxiety in COVID-19, and summarise pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments. We provide recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow up of anxiety in COVID-19. KEY POINTS Patients with COVID-19 (symptomatic or asymptomatic) exhibit a high frequency of neuropsychiatric complications with highest percentage attributed to anxiety. Multiple biological and psychosocial risk factors for anxiety exist in COVID-19-ill individuals. Biological risk factors include stress, resilience, genetics, gender, age, immune system, direct infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with SARS-CoV-2, comorbid psychiatric and general medical illnesses, ARDS and ICU stay. Anosmia and hypogeusia are COVID-19-specific anxiety risk factors. Knowledge of the anxiety risk factors is essential to focus on timely interventions, because anxiety may be a complication of and exacerbate the COVID-19 course. An inverse correlation exists between resilience and anxiety because of COVID-19, and therefore efforts should be made to increase resilience in COVID-19 patients. In COVID-19, important anxiety mechanism is neuroinflammation resulting from activation of the immune system and an ensuing cytokine storm. The general approach to management of anxiety in COVID-19 should be compassionate, similar to that during trauma or disaster, with efforts focussed on instilling a sense of hope and resilience. In selecting pharmacological treatment of anxiety, the stress response and immune system effects should be key. Medications with cardio-respiratory adverse effects should be avoided in patients with respiratory problems. Anxiety is a disorder that will require for long-term follow up at least one month after COVID-19.

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“…However, a significant difference was noted in the relationship between disease severity and the increase in NGAL and PDW values due to linear regression analysis. www.iiste.org Many previous studies stated that CRP could be used as an inflammatory marker that increased in many psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disease, depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder (Cunha et al, 2008;Huang & Lin, 2007;Karataş et al, 2020;Mayda et al, 2016;Vismara et al, 2020;Wei et al, 2018). A recent study reported that CRP values increased in patients who were new diagnosis OCD and did not receive any medical treatment (Karataş et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NLR and PLR values were evaluated in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disease, depressive disorder, and suicidal behavior compared with healthy controls and were associated with disease severity and mortality (Kulaksizoglu&Kulaksizoglu, 2005;Sunbul et al, 2016). NLR and PLR increased in depressive disorder (Cai et al, 2017), and NLR values were high in bipolar disorder (Demircan et al, 2016;Vismara et al, 2020). Studies comparing patients with schizophrenia with controls revealed a significant increase in NLR values (Mazza et al, 2019;Moody & Miller, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination Subclinical Inflammatory Markers and Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Karataş¹,

Telatar²,

Bahçeci³

et al. 2021

JSTR

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Background: Inflammation has a role in the etiopathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Aims:We investigated the relationship of disease and disease severity with plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) level, and subclinical hemogram parameters in patients new diagnosed OCD.Methods: A total of 39,654 patients who presented to the ambulant psychiatry outpatient clinic, diagnosed a psychiatric diseases between January 2018 and October 2020 were evaluated DSM-5 criteria; 54 patients who were new diagnosis OCD included in the study. The hemogram was evaluated platelet (PLT) count, PLT-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), PLT-distribution witdth (PDW), neutrophillymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and NGAL levels were analyzed in relation to an inflammatory condition.Results: A significant difference was found between disease severity and the PLT count, PDW, and NGAL values. PDW and NGAL values have relationship with disease severity by linear regression analysis. A significant difference was found the OCD with higher CRP, PDW, and a lower PLT value and showed a relationship between the PDW value by ROC analysis.

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Peripheral Biomarkers in DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders: An Updated Overview

Cited by 25 publications

References 269 publications

Biological Markers in Anxiety Disorders

Biological Markers in Anxiety Disorders

Presentation and management of anxiety in individuals with acute symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, and in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase

Examination Subclinical Inflammatory Markers and Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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