Peripheral Autonomic Pathways

Gibbins, Ian L.

doi:10.1016/b978-012547626-3/50007-7

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 532 publications

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“…There is evidence that the physiological mechanisms controlling reflex salivary secretion may not be identical to those controlling basal salivary output. Salivary secretion by the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands is under control of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems 20. The parasympathetic output arises from the submandibular and otic ganglia and is mediated by acetylcholine, which increases both basal and reflex salivary secretion via muscarinic receptors, and by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide, which mediate atropine‐resistant vasodilatation and reflex secretion and modify the content of amylase and ions 21, 22.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantitative study of salivary secretion in Parkinson's disease

et al. 2006

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We examined basal and reflex salivary flow rate and composition in 46 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), both in off and on conditions, compared to 13 age-matched controls without underlying disease or treatment affecting autonomic function. Whole saliva was collected 12 hours after withdrawal of dopaminergic drugs and at the peak of levodopa-induced motor improvement. Twenty-three of the 46 PD patients had received domperidone a week before the study. Basal salivary flow rate was significantly lower in PD patients in the off state compared to controls (P<0.005). Levodopa increased salivary flow rate (P<0.05) both in the domperidone-pretreated and untreated groups. Citric acid stimulated salivary flow rate in both the off and on states in PD patients. This effect was higher in the domperidone-pretreated patients. Salivary concentration of sodium, chloride, and amylase was higher in PD patients than in controls and was not affected by levodopa or domperidone treatment. Levodopa stimulates both basal and reflex salivary flow rate in PD. The mechanism appears to be central, as the effect is not blocked by domperidone. Domperidone may have a peripheral effect that potentiates reflex salivary secretion. Salivary composition is abnormal in PD and is not affected by levodopa treatment.

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confidence: 99%

Quantitative study of salivary secretion in Parkinson's disease

et al. 2006

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“…These cells are structurally different from those recently described in the muscular coats of the intestine in zebrafish (Ball et al . ) or comprising networks of cells scattered throughout the myenteric plexa and circular muscle layers in mammals (Gibbins ). The ChAT immunoreactivity of nerve cell bodies in the submucosal ganglia of the cardiac stomach colocalized with nNOS immunoreactivity (Figs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative neurochemical features of the innervation patterns of the gut of the basal actinopterygian, Lepisosteus oculatus, and the euteleost, Clarias batrachus

et al. 2013

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Zaccone, G., Lauriano, E. R., Silvestri, G., Kenaley, C., Icardo, J. M., Pergolizzi, S., Alesci, A., Sengar, M., Kuciel, M. and Gopesh, A. 2015. Comparative neurochemical features of the innervation patterns of the gut of the basal actinopterygian, Lepisosteus oculatus, and the euteleost, Clarias batrachus. -Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) (Stockholm) 96: 127-139.The structure and physiology of enteric system are very similar in all classes of vertebrates, although they have been investigated only occasionally in non-mammalian vertebrates. Very little is known about the distribution of the neurotransmitters in the gut of actinopterygian fishes. Anatomical and physiological studies of enteric nervous systems in the spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) and airbreathing catfish (Clarias batrachus), a non-teleost and teleost actinopterygian, respectively, have not been undertaken. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the range of neurochemical coding in the enteric nervous system of these two species, including the chemical diversity of the mucosal endocrine cells in the pyloric stomach of Clarias. Autonomic innervation of the secretory glands is also described and reported herein for the first time for fishes. We also report splanchnic (spinal) innervation of the stomach, submucosal ganglia (that also colocalize with nNOS) and caudal intestine of Clarias. In both fish species, numerous 5HT, ChAT, nNOS and TH-positive nerve fibres have been observed. These discoveries demonstrate that much more physiological and pharmacological data are needed before a comprehensive model of enteric nervous system control in vertebrates can be developed.

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“…Extensive preclinical and several human physiologic studies suggest at least four general neurobiologic mechanisms likely contribute to the benefit of SPG-Stim observed in AIS patients with confirmed cortical involvement in large randomized trials: (1) reperfusion via cerebral vessel dilation and collateral flow augmentation; (2) blood-brain barrier stabilization; (3) neuroprotection via central cholinergic and adrenergic pathways; and (4) neuroplasticity enhancement. The strength of evidence supporting these mechanisms of action was very high for SPG-Stim-induced cerebral blood flow enhancement, moderate for BBB stabilization, and suggestive for neuroprotective and neuroplasticity enhancement effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lying under a thin (1-2 mm) mucosal layer, the SPG is typically 3 mm long, containing 60,000 closely packed ovoid nerve cells. 3 The SPG harbors parasympathetic synaptic connections, as well as sympathetic and sensory fibers that traverse without synapsing. The parasympathetic pre-ganglionic inputs originate from the pontine superior salivary nucleus and, as part of the facial nerve, travel in the nervus intermedius through the geniculate ganglion without synapsing, and continue to the SPG within the greater petrosal nerve.…”

Section: Anatomy Of Spg and Its Connection With Central Cholinergic Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of action of acute and subacute sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation for ischemic stroke

Hosseini

Saver

2020

International Journal of Stroke

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Background Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation (SPG-Stim) for ischemic stroke, starting 8–24 h after onset and continuing through five days in a pooled analysis of two recent, randomized, sham-controlled trials, improved outcome of acute ischemic stroke patients with confirmed cortical involvement. As a neuromodulatory therapy, SPG-Stim differs substantially from existing pharmacologic (lytic and antiplatelets) and device (endovascular thrombectomy) acute ischemic stroke treatments. Aim Focused review of SPG anatomy, physiology, and neurovascular and neurobiologic mechanisms of action mediating benefit of SPG-Stim in acute ischemic stroke. Summary of review Located posterior to the maxillary sinus, the SPG is the main source of parasympathetic innervation to the anterior circulation. Preclinical and human studies delineate four distinct mechanisms of action by which the SPG-Stim may confer benefit in acute ischemic stroke: (1) collateral vasodilation and enhanced cerebral blood flow, mediated by release of neurotransmitters with vasodilatory effects, nitric oxide, and acetylcholine, (2) stimulation frequency- and intensity-dependent stabilization of the blood–brain barrier, reducing edema (3) direct acute neuroprotection from activation of the central cholinergic system with resulting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-excitatory effects; and (4) neuroplasticity enhancement from enhanced central cholinergic and adrenergic neuromodulation of cortical networks and nitrous oxide release stimulating neurogenesis. Conclusion The benefit of SPG-Stim in acute ischemic stroke is likely conferred not only by potent collateral augmentation, but also blood–barrier stabilization, direct neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity enhancement. Further studies clarifying the relative contribution of these mechanisms and the stimulation protocols that maximize each may help optimize SPG-Stim as a therapy for acute ischemic stroke.

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Peripheral Autonomic Pathways

Cited by 11 publications

References 532 publications

Quantitative study of salivary secretion in Parkinson's disease

Quantitative study of salivary secretion in Parkinson's disease

Comparative neurochemical features of the innervation patterns of the gut of the basal actinopterygian, Lepisosteus oculatus, and the euteleost, Clarias batrachus

Mechanisms of action of acute and subacute sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation for ischemic stroke

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