Peripheral Arterial Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapeutics

Validation of a Standardised Duplex Ultrasound Classification System for the Reporting and Grading of Peripheral Arterial Disease

“…The National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines state that an ABPI ratio of < 0.9 indicates the occurrence of PAD and recommends its use for diagnosis at a primary care level. 19 Moreover, increasing stenosis leads to a decrease in ABPI, 3,20 and can therefore be used as a means of grading disease. ABPI is limited in that it cannot localise pathology and may be unreliable in the event of vascular calcification, where falsely elevated ABPI readings (> 1.4) have been reported frequently in patients with medial calcinosis of the tibial arteries, 3,7,8,21 reducing overall sensitivity in these subgroups.…”

“…19 Moreover, increasing stenosis leads to a decrease in ABPI, 3,20 and can therefore be used as a means of grading disease. ABPI is limited in that it cannot localise pathology and may be unreliable in the event of vascular calcification, where falsely elevated ABPI readings (> 1.4) have been reported frequently in patients with medial calcinosis of the tibial arteries, 3,7,8,21 reducing overall sensitivity in these subgroups. 8 As such, the authors feel that excluding the small number of such readings in the present study was justifiable (n ¼ 11); however, it is acknowledged that the diagnostic test accuracy statistics, including Kappa, would have been negatively affected had such readings been retained in the analysis.…”

“…Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a major cardiovascular disease believed to affect approximately > 200 million people worldwide. 1,2 It is currently the third most common clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis, 2 and despite the significant associated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, 1,3 it remains largely underdiagnosed and undermanaged. 1,4 Furthermore, the incidence increases with age, and given the ageing population (particularly in middle to high income countries), PAD is likely to become of even greater concern to public health in the future.…”

Korelasi Kadar Glukosa Darah Dengan Nilai ABI Pada Diabetes Melitus Tipe II

“…Penilaian tingkat PAD lebih akurat dengan menghitung Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) dibandingkan pemeriksaan darah (Johnston & Cronenwett, 2014). Selain itu, ABI merupakan pemeriksaan yang paling umum digunakan dan diterima dengan baik, sederhana dan murah serta hanya membutuhkan waktu sekitar 10 menit untuk mengetahui adanya PAD (Kevil, 2013).…”