Peripartal Rumen-Protected L-Carnitine Manipulates the Productive and Blood Metabolic Responses in High-Producing Holstein Dairy Cows

Abstract

This study aimed to monitor the effect of including rumen-protected L-carnitine (Carneon 20 Rumin-Pro, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) in the transition diet on the productive and metabolic responses of multiparous high-producing Holstein dairy cows. Thirty-two multiparous cows were allocated in a completely randomized design to receive the same diet plus 60 g fat prill containing 85% palmitic acid (control, n = 16) or 100 g rumen-protected L-carnitine (RLC, n = 16); at 28 days before expected calving until 28 days in milk (DIM). Fat prill was included in the control diet to balance the palmitic acid content of both experimental diets. Milk production over the 28 DIM for the control and RLC groups was 46.5 and 47.7 kg, respectively. Milk fat content tended to increase upon rumen-protected L-carnitine inclusion (p = 0.1). Cows fed rumen-protected L-carnitine had higher fat- and energy-corrected milk compared with the control group. Pre- and post-partum administration of L-carnitine decreased both high- and low-density lipoprotein concentrations in peripheral blood of post-partum cows. The results of this study indicated that the concentration of triglycerides and beta-hydroxybutyrate was not significantly different between the groups, whereas the blood non-esterified fatty acid concentration was markedly decreased in cows supplemented with L-carnitine. Animals in the RLC group had a significant (p < 0.05) lower blood haptoglobin concentration at 7 and 14 DIM than the control. Animals in the RLC group had a lower concentration of blood enzymes than those of the control group. The mRNA abundance of Toll-like receptors 4, cluster of differentiation 14, and myeloid differential protein 2 did not significantly change upon the supplementation of L-carnitine in the transition diet. In summary, the dietary inclusion of RLC improved dairy cow's performance during the early lactation period. Greater production, at least in part, is driven by improved energy utilization efficiency and enhanced metabolic status in animals during the periparturient period.

Rumen‐protected l‐carnitine supplementation during mating period altered metabolic status and reproductive performance of ewes

“…Synchronization protocol and reproductive management are elaborated in Section 2.2. The control group received 6 g fat prill containing 85% palmitic acid (Danesh Mesgaran et al, 2021; Meyer et al, 2020). The specific inclusion rate of fat prill was included in the control group in order to balance the coated fat of the protected LC source.…”

“…Collected samples were immediately frozen at −80°C and used for the analysis of mRNA expression. Total RNA was extracted by the AccuZol™ Total RNA extraction solution (Bioneer) according to the manufacturer's instruction (Danesh Mesgaran et al, 2021; Stefanska et al, 2018). The purity and integrity of RNA were determined using the Epoch microplate spectrophotometer (BioTek) and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively.…”

“…LC appears to be vital for improving energy metabolism efficiency, primarily due to its role in transporting cytosolic long‐chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix where fatty acid‐β‐oxidation occurs for generating ATP (Ringseis et al, 2018). Recent work in dairy cows has pinpointed the positive outcome of dietary LC supplementation on animal's performance and metabolism during early lactation (Danesh Mesgaran et al, 2021). Supplementing LC around parturition apparently has positive impact on tissue healing and altering cellular function as early as few hours post‐parturition (Kononov et al, 2022).…”

Rumen-protected zinc–methionine dietary inclusion alters dairy cow performances, and oxidative and inflammatory status under long-term environmental heat stress

“…Fat-corrected milk (FCM) standardized to 4% fat was calculated using the following equation: FCM = [0. Blood was sampled bi-weekly (weeks 5, 7, 9, and 11 of lactation) from 15 cows in each group at 08:00 h via puncture of the coccygeal vessels using Clot Activator vacutainers (Hebei Xinle Sci&Tech Co., Hebei, China) (31). The samples were kept at room temperature, and the serum was separated within 0.5 h and then frozen and stored at −20 • C until analysis for glucose (GOD-PAP, https://parsazmun.ir), triglycerides (GPO-POD, www.Bionik.web.com), NEFA (colorimetric method, RANDOX, www.Randox.com), BHB (kinetic enzymatic method, RANDOX, www.Randox.com), urea (urease-GLDH method, https://parsazmun.ir), cholesterol (CHOD_POG, http://paadco.co), HDL (direct enzymatic colorimetric method, http://paadco.co), SGOT (https://parsazmun.ir), SGPT (https:// parsazmun.ir), calcium (https://parsazmun.ir), Zn (colorimetric method, RANDOX, www.Randox.com), total protein (https:// parsazmun.ir), albumin (https://parsazmun.ir), haptoglobin (ZellBio GmbH, Lonsee, Germany), TAS (Manual caloric method, RANDOX, www.Randox.com), MDA (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay), and IL-1B (ZellBio GmbH, Lonsee, Germany).…”