Periovulatory Time Courses of Circulating Gonadotropic and Ovarian Hormones in the Rhesus Monkey1

Weick, Richard F.; Dierschke, Donald J.; Karsch, Fred J.; Butler, Walter; Hotchkiss, J.; Knobil, E.

doi:10.1210/endo-93-5-1140

Cited by 155 publications

(75 citation statements)

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“…Transfer was done on the estimated day of ovulation ( Table 1). The serum progesterone level of 4.41 ng/ml on the day of transfer (Fig. 2) was consistent with an ovulatory cycle (40). Another female received embryos 4 days after the estimated day of ovulation and showed two signs of early pregnancy before reinitiating menstruation (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Birth of rhesus monkey infant after in vitro fertilization and nonsurgical embryo transfer.

Bavister¹,

Boatman²,

Collins³

et al. 1984

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

112

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The birth of a rhesus monkey resulting from in vitro fertilization is reported. Oocytes recovered at laparoscopy from five gonadotropin-stimulated donors were inseminated in vitro with sperm preincubated with caffeine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. After insemination, oocytes were cultured for 33-46 hr. Twenty-two embryos were transferred nonsurgically into 11 recipient females. One recipient showed signs of implantation but did not carry to term. A second female became pregnant after receiving one 4-cell and one 6-cell embryo fertilized in vitro. The subsequent course of early pregnancy and embryonic and fetal development were characteristic of normal singleton pregnancies. A healthy term male infant was delivered by Cesarean section 176 days after fertilization. This birth has validated our procedures for in vitro fertilization of rhesus monkey gametes and provides an experimental model for studies of early embryonic development in primates.There is a long-standing need for models using nonhuman primates to supply basic information on fertilization and early embryogenesis. This need has been increased by the clinical applications of in vitro fertilization (IVF) We have devised procedures for IVF and embryo culture using the rhesus monkey (6). In this species, the average duration of the menstrual cycle (28 days), the regulation of folliculogenesis, and the control of ovulation are all very similar to these processes in women (7). Because the rhesus has served as a model for early human development, extensive data on postnatal behavior and development are available (8). Thus, even subtle developmental anomalies could be readily detected if they were to occur in offspring resulting from IVF and ET. We have previously reported normal cleavage development of IVF rhesus oocytes up to the morula stage (6). However, conclusive evidence for normal fertilization and embryogenesis can be obtained only from birth of normal offspring after ET. We now report the birth of a healthy rhesus male infant after nonsurgical (intrauterine) transfer of two IVF embryos to a recipient female. This birth provides validation of the IVF procedures used in our laboratory and offers an experimental model for studies on fertilization and embryonic development in primates. MATERIALS AND METHODSAll female monkeys used in this study were housed separately from males. Procedures for recovery of oocytes from gonadotropin-stimulated rhesus monkeys, preparation of spermatozoa, IVF, and embryo culture were all as previously described (6). Five female rhesus monkeys were each given a total of 2150 international units of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) from day 4 of the menstrual cycle (day 1 = first day of menses) through day 15. On day 16, 4000 international units of human chorionic gonadotropin was given, and aspiration of follicles during laparoscopy was performed 30 hr later. Oocytes were incubated individually in drops of culture medium TALP (9). After 5-7 hr, oocyte drops (90 Al) were inseminated with 10 1.l of washed ejaculated ...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Birth of rhesus monkey infant after in vitro fertilization and nonsurgical embryo transfer.

Bavister¹,

Boatman²,

Collins³

et al. 1984

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

112

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“…Although the peak serum concentrations of estradiol were much greater in the present study than those measured in gonadally intact rhesus monkeys in the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle ['2000 pg/ml vs. '300 pg/ml respectively (11,35)], there is no reason to believe that the underlying mechanisms are not the same. Clearly, however, the higher estradiol levels completely inhibited GnRH pulse generator activity for a much longer time, 7-22 days in this study, whereas MUA volleys reappear within 24-48 h during the normal menstrual cycle (11).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Estradiol and the inhibition of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey.

Ördög

Knobil

1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In mammals, gonadal function is controlled by a hypothalamic signal generator that directs the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the consequent pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone. In female rhesus monkeys, the electrophysiological correlates of GnRH pulse generator activity are abrupt, rhythmic increases in hypothalamic multiunit activity (MUA volleys), which represent the simultaneous increase in firing rate of individual neurons. MUA volleys are arrested by estradiol, either spontaneously at midcycle or after the administration of the steroid. Multiunit recordings, however, provide only a measure of total neuronal activity, leaving the behavior of the individual cells obscure. This study was conducted to determine the mode of action of estradiol at the level of single neurons associated with the GnRH pulse generator. Twentythree such single units were identified by cluster analysis of multiunit recordings obtained from a total of six electrodes implanted in the mediobasal hypothalamus of three ovariectomized rhesus monkeys, and their activity was monitored before and after estradiol administration. The bursting of all 23 units was arrested within 4 h of estradiol administration although their baseline activity was maintained. The bursts of most units reappeared at the same time as the MUA volleys, the recovery of some was delayed, and one remained inhibited for the duration of the study (43 days). The results indicate that estradiol does not desynchronize the bursting of single units associated with the GnRH pulse generator but that it inhibits this phenomenon. The site and mechanism of action of estradiol in this regard remain to be determined.

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“…This was not unexpected since taxonomically the fox is a fairly close relative of the dog. The prolonged elevation of plasma LH above baseline values in canine species is comparable to that occurring in the rhesus monkey (Weick et al, 1973), but differs from the very long release in the mare (Geschwind, Dewey, Hughes, Evans & Stabenfeldt, 1975), and from the brief release recorded in the rat, rabbit, hamster, ewe and cow (see Concannon et al, 1975, for …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…In the bitch the majority of ovulations (77-2%) occur 24-72 h after the LH peak, and 93-5% of the follicles show morphological evidence of ovulation 96 h after the LH peak (Wildt et al, 1978). However, in the rat, ewe, sow, cow, monkey and human female the corresponding interval varies between 12 and 40 h (Niswender, Roche, Foster & Midgley, 1968;Monroe, Rebar, Gay & Midgley, 1969;Niswender, Reichert & Zimmerman, 1970;Yussman & Taymor, 1970;Swanson & Hafs, 1971 ;Weick et al, 1973). Thus one of the unique aspects of canine endocrinology appears to be the prolonged duration of the interval between the LH peak and ovulation.…”

Section: References)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal relationships between hormonal concentrations and the electrical resistance of the vaginal tract of blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) at pro-oestrus and oestrus

Møller¹,

Mondain-Monval²,

Smith³

et al. 1984

Reproduction

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Summary. During pro-oestrus, baseline LH concentrations for 9 vixens (pooled data) ranged from 0\m=.\8 to 5\m=.\3ng/ml. In each vixen, baseline levels were interrupted by elevations of LH ranging from 3\m=.\1to 10\m=.\4 ng/ml. A major preovulatory LH surge was detected in all the vixens. The LH peak ranged from 13\m=.\5to 73\m=.\0 ng/ml with an average of 27\m=.\8 \m=+-\18\m=.\8(s.d.) ng/ml. Plasma LH concentrations declined to a basal level of 1\m=.\3\ m=+-\ 1\ m=. \ 0 ng/ml within 48 h of the peak value. The duration of the LH surge was 1\p=n-\3 days. The LH peak occurred 1 or 2 days before any sexual receptivity was observed. All the vixens were mated twice 2\p=n-\5 days after the LH peak; 8 conceived. Plasma concentrations of oestradiol-17\g=b\increased gradually during the last 6\p=n-\7 days before oestrus and reached maximum values (124\p=n-\373pg/ml) at the time of the preovulatory LH peak. The first significant increase in plasma progesterone concentration occurred simultaneously with the LH peak. During oestrus (normally 3\p=n-\5 days), progesterone levels rose steeply, attaining a mean concentration of 57\m=.\0 \m=+-\ 17\m=.\5 ng/ml when the vixens went out of heat. Androstenedione and testosterone values changed similarly, both increasing at the beginning of pro-oestrus and reaching maximum values (805\p=n-\1879pg/ml and 328\p=n-\501 pg/ml respectively) 1 day before to 1 day after the oestradiol-17\g=b\peak.The electrical resistance of the vaginal tract increased rapidly during the last 2\p=n-\3 days of pro-oestrus, reaching a maximum value (300\p=n-\640\g=W\)~2 days after the oestradiol-17\g=b\peak that corresponded with the onset of sexual receptivity. Towards the end of oestrus, the values fell to 100\p=n-\200\ g=W\ .

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Periovulatory Time Courses of Circulating Gonadotropic and Ovarian Hormones in the Rhesus Monkey1

Cited by 155 publications

References 0 publications

Birth of rhesus monkey infant after in vitro fertilization and nonsurgical embryo transfer.

Birth of rhesus monkey infant after in vitro fertilization and nonsurgical embryo transfer.

Estradiol and the inhibition of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey.

Temporal relationships between hormonal concentrations and the electrical resistance of the vaginal tract of blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) at pro-oestrus and oestrus

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