Periosteal Pathologic Conditions: Imaging Findings and Pathophysiology

Overview of Periosteal Reaction by Imaging

“…Analyzing the periosteal reaction in contact with a lesion sheds light on the lesion's biological behavior (i.e., growth rate and degree of aggressiveness). [2][3][4][5]11 Growth rate and degree of aggressiveness are often but not always linked. This is why this approach in itself is not enough and must be backed up by screening for cortical lysis or permeation, bone marrow infiltration, and a soft tissue mass that are more reliable imaging criteria of a lesion's aggressiveness than the pattern of periosteal reaction.…”

“…There are some excellent but too few reviews in the radiology literature. [2][3][4][5] This article covers the anatomy, histology and physiology of the periosteum, illustrates the various patterns of periosteal reaction, and describes the main conditions underlying periosteal reaction.…”

Functional OCT reveals anisotropic changes of retinal flicker-evoked vasodilation

“…Their rapid vasodilation is essential for quickly supplying oxygenated blood to tissues [22]. Veins are typically thinner-walled and less involved in the active regulation of blood flow, so their vasodilation may be less pronounced [23].…”

Computed Tomography Bone Imaging: Pushing the Boundaries in Clinical Practice

“…Cortical and periosteal bone must be adequately investigated to optimize analysis of tumoral invasion, subtle periosteal reaction, and cortical fracture and microfracture. 15 16…”

“…Cortical and periosteal bone must be adequately investigated to optimize analysis of tumoral invasion, subtle periosteal reaction, and cortical fracture and microfracture. 15,16 Therefore, in our opinion, recent advances in imaging bone microarchitecture can improve assessment of the classical geometric description reflecting bone strength, bone vessel depiction, cortical and periosteal bone analysis to detect early changes, and tumoral matrix characterization to approach macroscopic histologic description. Other advances in musculoskeletal computed tomography (CT), such as dual-energy CT, synthetic CT, dose reduction techniques, and deep learning algorithms, are dealt with elsewhere and beyond the scope of this article.…”