Periorbital melasma: Hierarchical cluster analysis of clinical features in Asian patients

Abstract

Our hierarchical cluster analysis of periorbital melasma lesions demonstrated that Asian patients with periorbital melasma can be categorized into two clusters according to the surface anatomy of the face.

Treatment of Refractory Melasma with Microwave-generated, Atmospheric-pressure, Non-thermal Nitrogen Plasma

“…3 Patients in cluster 2 were older than those in cluster 1, and melasma lesions in cluster 2 more commonly distributed throughout the periorbital area, the temple, and the medial cheek. 3 In the present report, we describe 2 patients with cluster-1 periorbital melasma and 1 patient with cluster-2 periorbital melasma who showed remarkable clinical improvements after treatment with microwave-generated, atmospheric-pressure, non-thermal nitrogen plasma. To deliver nitrogen-plasma pulses to melasma pigmentation lesions, a plasma generator (Pladuo TM ; Shenb Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) was utilized in this study that converted inert nitrogen gas to excited ionized nitrogen gas via 2.45-GHz microwave energy.…”

“…3 Therein, patients in cluster 1 were found to have fine and homogeneous melasma pigmentation lesions along the upper and lower eyelids, and the pigmentation thereof became darker closer to the inferolateral margin of the periorbital area. 3 Patients in cluster 2 were older than those in cluster 1, and melasma lesions in cluster 2 more commonly distributed throughout the periorbital area, the temple, and the medial cheek. 3 In the present report, we describe 2 patients with cluster-1 periorbital melasma and 1 patient with cluster-2 periorbital melasma who showed remarkable clinical improvements after treatment with microwave-generated, atmospheric-pressure, non-thermal nitrogen plasma.…”

“…3 A previous hierarchical cluster analysis study identified two statistically different clusters of Asian patients with periorbital melasma. 3 Therein, patients in cluster 1 were found to have fine and homogeneous melasma pigmentation lesions along the upper and lower eyelids, and the pigmentation thereof became darker closer to the inferolateral margin of the periorbital area. 3 Patients in cluster 2 were older than those in cluster 1, and melasma lesions in cluster 2 more commonly distributed throughout the periorbital area, the temple, and the medial cheek.…”

“…[1][2][3] Various clinical manifestations thereof have been categorized into centrofacial, malar, mandibular, periorbital, and mixed types according to their patterns of melasma distribution. [2][3][4] Among the aforementioned types of melasma, periorbital melasma is commonly found in Asian patients; it is often refractory to treatment and highly associated with the risk of rebound hyperpigmentation or mottled hypopigmentation after laser treatment. 3 A previous hierarchical cluster analysis study identified two statistically different clusters of Asian patients with periorbital melasma.…”

“…[2][3][4] Among the aforementioned types of melasma, periorbital melasma is commonly found in Asian patients; it is often refractory to treatment and highly associated with the risk of rebound hyperpigmentation or mottled hypopigmentation after laser treatment. 3 A previous hierarchical cluster analysis study identified two statistically different clusters of Asian patients with periorbital melasma. 3 Therein, patients in cluster 1 were found to have fine and homogeneous melasma pigmentation lesions along the upper and lower eyelids, and the pigmentation thereof became darker closer to the inferolateral margin of the periorbital area.…”