The results of the first interim analysis of KEYNOTE-671 (NCT03425643), led by Wakelee et al., 1 were recently presented orally at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2023 meeting and this breakthrough was also published in The New England Journal of Medicine, at the same day. It is mainly emphasized that perioperative treatment of pembrolizumab (immune checkpoint inhibitor; ICI) in resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can significantly prolong event-free survival (EFS), but also significantly improve major pathological response (MPR) and pathologically complete response (pCR).For resectable NSCLC, a large proportion of patients still experience disease recurrence after radical resection. However, even with active adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the improvement in 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was also only about 5%. Thus, there is an urgent need for a more effective treatment for those patients. Immunotherapy, as a powerful treatment that has developed rapidly in recent years, has not only shown good efficacy in advanced lung cancer, but also has repeatedly shown promising results for resectable NSCLC. 2 Cur-# Zhijun Yuan and Mengyuan Yang are the co-first authors and they contributed equally to the work.