Perioperative Pain Management

Lerche, Phillip; Muir, William W.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-2326-5.00020-1

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…At each sampling time, 2 blinded evaluators (the same 2 throughout the study) completed a full physical examination which included heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, mucous membrane color, capillary refill time, gastrointestinal sounds, and observation of or the presence of feces and urination of each horse. In addition, a sedation score was assigned using a sedation scoring system . The scoring system used was: 0—No sedation (normal movement, normal ear and neck position, normal posture); 1—Mild sedation (slightly decreased frequency and rapidity of movement, lowered ear and neck, lip drooping, slightly relaxed postural tone); (2)—Moderate sedation (moderately decreased frequency and rapidity of movement, ear tip separation, neck position below the horizontal plane); 3—Deep sedation (prolonged periods of immobility, pronounced ear tip separation, loss of postural tone, base wide stance).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma disposition of gabapentin after the intragastric administration of escalating doses to adult horses

Gold

Grubb

Green

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background In humans, gabapentin an analgesic, undergoes non‐proportional pharmacokinetics which can alter efficacy. No information exists on the pharmacokinetics of dosages >20 mg/kg, escalating dosages or dose proportionality of gabapentin in horses. Hypothesis and Objectives Gabapentin exposure in plasma would not increase proportionally relative to the dose in horses receiving dosages ≥20 mg/kg. To assess the plasma pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after nasogastric administration of gabapentin at dosages of 10 to 160 mg/kg in adult horses. Animals Nine clinically healthy adult Arabian and Quarter Horses. Methods In a randomized blinded trial, gabapentin was administered by nasogastric intubation to horses at 10, 20 mg/kg (n = 3) and 60, 80, 120, 160 mg/kg (n = 6). Plasma was collected before and at regular times over 64 hours after administration of gabapentin. Gabapentin was quantified using a validated chromatographic method. Dose proportionality was estimated using a power model. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Results Plasma pharmacokinetics parameters of gabapentin were estimated after nasogastric administration at dosages of 10 to 160 mg/kg. Gabapentin plasma concentration increased with dose increments. However, the area under the concentration curve from zero to infinity and maximal plasma concentration did not increase proportionally relative to the dose in horses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Gabapentin exposure in plasma is not proportional relative to the dose in horses receiving nasogastric dosages of 10 to 160 mg/kg.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma disposition of gabapentin after the intragastric administration of escalating doses to adult horses

Gold

Grubb

Green

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…All the phenothiazine derivates, including acepromazine, appear to produce part of their central effects by blocking brain dopaminergic receptors [23] although the activation of these dopaminergic pathways is a cause of opioid-induced spontaneous locomotor activity is controversially discussed [1,10]. Additionally, the blockade of this opioid-induced dopamine release by phenothiazine tranquilizers is considered a rational alternative to inhibiting the excitement and producing more predictable calming and pain relief effects [3,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphine with or without Acepromazine in Horses: A Kinematic Evaluation

López‐Sanromán

Freilich

Gómez-Cisneros

et al. 2022

Animals

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The objective was to demonstrate walking locomotor pattern alterations after co-administration of acepromazine and morphine in horses. Six mature horses receiving four different treatments were used. Treatments consisted of a single dose of saline solution, 0.2 mg/kg bwt of morphine hydrochloride, 0.02 mg/kg bwt of acepromazine maleate, and a combination of 0.2 mg/kg bwt of morphine hydrochloride with 0.02 mg/kg bwt of acepromazine maleate. A three-dimensional accelerometric device was used to collect data. Walking tests were performed 10 min prior to injection, and then at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after the injection, and then every 10 min for 3 h. Eight variables were calculated including stride kinematic, coordination, and energetic parameters; moreover ground-to-lip distance (GLD), as a tranquilization parameter, was also measured. A significant interaction was observed in all the variables studied but regularity, mediolateral power, the propulsive part of the power, and the GLD. An evident counteraction of the effects caused by both, opioids and phenothiazines, in the gait pattern was observed. The co-administration of acepromazine and morphine could allow a safe opiate administration while minimizing the possible central nervous system (CNS) excitation and reducing potential locomotor adverse effects.

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“…63,95,100,119 preferred, but only after initial volume losses have been restored to ensure adequate circulatory volume, cardiac output, blood pressure (i.e., mean arterial pressure >70 mmHg), and peripheral perfusion. 113 Several pharmacologic agents have been recommended to treat acute hemorrhage, although clinical efficacy has not been proven in horses. However, acepromazine can exacerbate shock and cause acute collapse.…”

Section: Special Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormalities of the erythron

Schwarzwald¹

2014

Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery

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Perioperative Pain Management

Cited by 9 publications

References 97 publications

Plasma disposition of gabapentin after the intragastric administration of escalating doses to adult horses

Plasma disposition of gabapentin after the intragastric administration of escalating doses to adult horses

Morphine with or without Acepromazine in Horses: A Kinematic Evaluation

Abnormalities of the erythron

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