Periodontopathogens levels and clinical response to periodontal therapy in individuals with the interleukin-4 haplotype associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that results from an interaction between dental biofilm agents and the host immune-inflammatory response. Periodontopathogenic organisms, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, as well as the host's susceptibility, represented by the host's genetic makeup, are the key factors that influence this complex disease. Recently, we identified haplotypes in the IL4 gene that were associated with chronic periodontitis (CP). This study aimed to evaluate whether subjects with different IL4 haplotypes (TCI/CCI and TTD/CTI) would be differentially colonized by periodontopathogens and whether they would respond differently to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Thirty-nine patients carrying the IL4 haplotype of genetic susceptibility to CP (IL4+) or protection against CP (IL4-) were evaluated. Those groups were further subdivided into individuals with CP (CP IL4+ or CP IL4-) and those that were periodontally healthy (H) (H IL4+ or H IL4-). CP patients were submitted to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Clinical and microbiological analyses were performed considering the data at baseline and 45 and 90 days after periodontal therapy. Periodontopathogens levels were evaluated by absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The baseline data revealed that the total levels of periodontopathogens were higher in the CP IL4+ than in the CP IL4- groups. Clinical analyses revealed that the periodontal therapy was equally effective, independent of the subject's IL4 genetic load. The TCI/CCI IL4 haplotype, previously associated with genetic susceptibility to CP, was also associated with increased levels of periodontopathogenic bacteria, but this genetic background did not influence the response to non-surgical periodontal treatment.

Mechanisms Involved in the Association between Periodontitis and Complications in Pregnancy

“…The response to a microbial challenge is not homogeneous in man, and several polymorphisms have been reported in genes associated with the production of cytokines. Some of these polymorphisms have been associated with increased susceptibility to periodontitis in certain populations ( 42 ).…”

“…Due to variations in the microbial composition and immune response among periodontitis patients, it seems clear that the severity, extension, and type of periodontitis should be considered when the systemic effects of periodontitis are evaluated in a population. Environmental and genetic factors involved in altered immune response ( 42 ) against bacterial infections may also influence the effect of periodontitis in pregnancy.…”

“…Gestation is a relatively short physiological process considering a chronic disease such as periodontitis. It is clear from most studies that periodontal treatment is able to improve clinical parameters of periodontitis ( 42 , 123 , 124 , 131 , 136 ); however, its effects on gestational outcomes involve several variables, making it hard to clearly evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment.…”

Functional Haplotypes in Interleukin 4 Gene Associated with Periodontitis

“…Individuals carrying the genotype TCI/CCI (S-haplotype) were found to be five times more susceptible to CP (OR adjusted = 5.27, 95% CI = 2.28–12.18), whereas those carrying genotype CTI/TTD (P-haplotype) appeared to be genetically protected from developing periodontitis (OR adjusted = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.08–0.88) [13]. Subsequent clinical studies demonstrated higher levels of IL-4 with the P-haplotype after 45 days of non-surgical periodontal therapy [14]; the S-haplotype, which was previously associated with genetic susceptibility to CP, was associated with increased levels of periodontopathogenic bacteria [15]. …”

Gender-related marker pathogens of periodontal disease in chronic periodontitis

“…Так, некоторые авторы выделяют красный комплекс, обладающий устойчивостью in vivo и in vitro, состоящий из видов P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis и T. denticola [8]. Формирование этого комплекса на поверхности пародонта приводит к развитию наиболее тяжелых форм пародонтита [6].…”