Periodontal Vaccines-A systematic Review

Abstract

<jats:p>Background: vaccination is the best known application of immunology to human health. Effective vaccines have successfully eradicated the prevalence of several infectious diseases that were common less than a generation ago. The success of Periodontal vaccines is still elusive due to the complexity of periodontal pathogens that have multiple serotypes. No periodontal vaccine trials have satisfied all the requirements such as preventing colonization of pathogens, protection against tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss, elicit immunoglobulins for phagocytosis, stimulation of T-helper cells. This review aims to discuss the various immunization strategies attempted so far. Aim: this review aims to discuss the various in-vitro and in-vivo studies that present supporting evidence for the feasibility of formulating a prophylactic periodontal vaccine that could emerge as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the future. Material and Methods: An extensive literature Search was performed in electronic databases, such as PUBMED, Cochrane central register of controlled trials, Google scholar and science direct using various search terms such as “ periodontal vaccines”, “ porphyromonas gingivalis”, “chronic periodontitis”, ” genomic vaccine ”, “ recombinant vaccine”, “immune response” ," vaccination against periodontal bacteria". No limits and language restriction were applied during the electronic search to include all the possible animal studies , clinical trials in the potential relevant article search phase of the systematic review. Conclusion: Studies evaluating Porphyromonas gingivalis are the most common and the structures showing the most potential as a vaccine candidate are Outer membrane proteins, fimbriae and gingipains, the structure having the least potential is Lipopolysaccharide.KEYWORDSPeriodontitis; Vaccine; Virulence; Gingipains; Immune response; Animal studies. </jats:p>

Molecular Characterization of the glyA Gene From the Clinical Isolates of Tannerella forsythia

“…This finding also shows that glyA may be associated with the conditions of aggressive periodontitis and not indicated in the preliminary stages. With the prediction of putative vaccine candidates for priority pathogens being very common through computational approaches [ 22 , 23 ], glyA may be considered as a novel target in the research arena of designing a periodontal vaccine [ 24 ]. The limitations of the study include the smaller sample size where we could not derive a significant result to substantiate our findings on the frequency of glyA in T. forsythia in association with periodontitis condition.…”

Periodontal vaccines via plantibodies: Bridging the gap between aspiration and achievement

“…One of the primary challenges in developing vaccines against periodontal disease stems from its intricate nature, which involves a diverse range of pathogenic microorganisms. 8 Periodontal disease is not caused by a single pathogen but rather by a complex microbial community consisting of numerous species of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Among these, Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria are particularly implicated in the initiation and progression of periodontitis.…”

“…By following these steps, a thorough review of the literature on periodontal vaccines was conducted, incorporating both peer-reviewed research and insights from professional sources to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic. "Plantibodies" [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Represent a novel approach in periodontal vaccination, utilizing plants as bioreactors to produce antibodies against periodontal pathogens. This innovative strategy harnesses the genetic engineering capabilities of plants to express and synthesize specific antibodies, thereby offering a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional antibody production methods.…”

Designing Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine Construct against Prevotella intermedia-Interpain A: An Immunoinformatics Approach

“…The primary goal of the periodontal vaccine is to depreciate disease progression and eventually eradicate periodontal disease [ 21 ]. P. intermedia is a bacterium that is closely associated with various periodontal diseases and other infections [ 22 , 23 ].…”