Periodontal Status amongst Substance Abusers in Indian Population

Abstract

Background. In India there have been limited number of studies on periodontal status among drug addicts, and thus this study aims to assess the Oral hygiene and periodontal status in substance abusers and compare it with non-substance abusers. Methods. A comparative study was conducted to assess the periodontal status in substance abusers. Non-substance abusers were procured from the general population of Bangalore. From the control group 250 non-substance abusers were age and sex matched with the study population of substance abusers. The oral hygiene and periodontal condition of all subjects was assessed using Oral hygiene index- simplified (OHI-S), Russell's periodontal indices and Gingival bleeding index. Results. The mean of OHI-S and Periodontal Index (Russell's Index) scores were higher (2.70 and 3.68, resp.) in substance abusers than the control group (2.45 and 2.59, resp.). The mean Gingival bleeding score was lower (9.69) in substance abusers than the control group (22.7) and found to be statistically significant. A positive correlation found between OHI-S and Russell's periodontal index whereas negative correlation was found between OHI-S and Gingival bleeding in substance abusers. Conclusions. Though the oral hygiene was fair, more periodontal destruction and less of gingival bleeding were observed in substance abusers as compared to control group.

Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Periodontal Disease: The 2008 to 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

“…28 Alcohol impairs neutrophil function and increases monocyte production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1 and -6, in the gingival crevice, contributing to bacterial overgrowth and increased bacterial penetration that may lead to periodontal inflammation. 31 Elevated monocyte prostaglandin E2 is seen in acute ethanol-stimulated human monocytes, and prostaglandin E2 is considered a potent stimulator of bone resorption associated with the loss of periodontal attachment tissue. 28,32 Alcohol may stimulate bone resorption and inhibit bone formation by a direct effect of ethanol or by a rise in cortisol.…”

Oral health status among Nyaope users at drug rehabilitation clinics in Johannesburg

“…Therefore, the actual extent of gingival inflammation may not be clinically visible. 29 The current study found periodontal pocket depth scores (i.e. pockets ≥4mm) present among 13.73% of nyaope users.…”

“…Drug users were found to have a lower BOP than the control group (p<0.001), a lower prevalence which may be explained by the high rate of smoking (67.6%) among the drug users. 29 Equally, the low prevalence of BOP in the present study may also be associated with the high prevalence of smoking among both groups (i.e. all nyaope users and about half of non-drug users).…”

“…The sample size of this study was comparatively smaller than those of the studies described previously. 28,29 Study of the literature has indicated that periodontal diseases have a strong association with increasing age and duration of drug use. 28 This study has a number of limitations.…”

Pengaruh konsumsi suplemen ekstrak kulit manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) terhadap inflamasi gingiva pada pasien ortodonti cekat (kajian jumlah leukosit cairan sulkus gingiva)

“…5 Sel leukosit PMN diketahui selain mempunyai sifat protektif dengan mekanisme perlindungan melawan koloni bakteri plak dalam sulkus gingiva pada tahap awal in amasi, juga mempunyai sifat destruktif dengan mengeluarkan sitokin proin amatori seperti TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-6, protease, dan PGE 2 yang dapat memicu destruksi matriks ekstraselular pada gingiva dan menstimulasi terjadinya resorbsi tulang yang dapat merusak jaringan di sekitarnya secara lokal. 6,7 Keadaan in amasi gingiva pada pasien ortodonti cekat akan diperparah jika kebersihan mulut pasien tidak baik. Terbentuknya plak terus menerus membuat kondisi gingiva juga mengalami in amasi secara terus menerus, sehingga jumlah leukosit pada cairan sulkus gingiva menjadi tidak terkontrol dan terjadi respon in amasi yang berlebihan.…”