Periodontal pathogens and clinical parameters in chronic periodontitis

Abstract

The use of next generation sequencing and bioinformatics has revealed the complexity and richness of the human oral microbiota. While some species are well known for their periodontal pathogenicity, the molecular-based approaches for bacterial identification have raised awareness about new putative periodontal pathogens.Although they are found increased in case of periodontitis, there is currently a lack of data on their interrelationship with the periodontal measures. We processed the sequencing data of the subgingival microbiota of 75 patients with hemochromatosis and chronic periodontitis in order to characterize the well-described and newly identified subgingival periodontal pathogens. We used correlation tests and statistical models to assess the association between the periodontal pathogens and mean pocket depth, and to determine the most relevant bacterial biomarkers of periodontitis severity. Based on correlation test results, nine taxa were selected and included in the statistical models. The multiple linear regression models adjusted for systemic and periodontal clinical variables showed that mean pocket depth was negatively associated with Aggregatibacter and Rothia, and positively associated withPorphyromonas. Furthermore, a bacterial ratio that was previously described as a signature of dysbiosis in periodontitis (%Porphyromonas+%Treponema+%Tannerella)/ (%Rothia+%Corynebacterium) was the most significant predictor. In this specific population, we found that the best model in predicting the mean pocket depth was microbial dysbiosis using the dysbiosis ratio taxa formula. While further studies are needed to assess the validity of these results on the general population, such a dysbiosis ratio could be used in the future to monitor the subgingival microbiota.

Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness?

“…Oral dysbiosis is the loss of the homeostatic balance of the oral microbial communities with the host, and it has associated with oral diseases like as PD [21,30,38]. The main pathogens associated with PD are Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola (red-complex), but there more pathogenic bacteria including species of the genera Prevotella, Desulfobulbus, and Selenomona as well as Aggregatibacter and others [30,38,124]. Host factors such as diet and immune system are determinant by the emergence and persistence of dysbiosis that allows the growth of pathobionts and their virulence factors in PD [38].…”

Electronic cigarette use enriches periodontal pathogens

“…These risk factors can result in the accumulation of dental plaque, which is primarily composed of Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria in gingival crevices (Lertpimonchai et al, 2017). Some well-known periodontal disease-associated bacterial species are Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Boyer et al, 2020;Cirino et al, 2019;Sela, 2001;Signat et al, 2011). The bacteria release endotoxins and enzymatic byproducts, triggering host defense mechanisms and proinflammatory processes, which leads to apical and lateral deterioration of connective fibers in periodontal tissues (Lertpimonchai et al, 2017).…”

Immune Response in Periodontitis and Modulatory Value of Staphylococcal Antigens

“…The latter group of organisms together with Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Eubacterium timidum, Lactobacillus sp., Actinomyces naeslundii, Pseudomonas anaerobius, Eubacterium sp., Bacteroides intermedius, Bacteroides forsythum, Selenomonas sputigena and Haemophilus aphrophilus are characteristically isolated from deep periodontal pockets. Although most of these bacteria rarely invade the gingival tissues, they can invade the gingival epithelium and release enzymes and endotoxins that can lead to either a direct or indirect (by inducing the inflammatory process) destruction of the periodontal tissues [6][7][8].…”