Periodontal, Microbiological, and Proinflammatory Cytokines Levels in Fixed Orthodontics Patients Treated with Photodynamic Therapy Adjunct to Full Mouth Scaling

Photoinactivation and Photoablation of Porphyromonas gingivalis

“…Investigations of photodynamic therapy and Pg in particular have utilized lasers at 405, 532, 630–690, 805–830 and 905–980 nm and LEDs ranging from 390 to 480 and 565 to 671 nm. Among the photosensitizers examined in research involving Pg , the most extensively studied to date have been indocyanine green [ 91 , 92 , 93 ], methylene blue [ 94 , 95 , 96 ] and toluidine blue [ 97 , 98 , 99 ]. Other photosensitizers have included: aminolevulinic acid [ 100 ], azulene [ 101 ], β-NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ @TiO 2 (termed UCNPs@TiO 2 ) [ 102 ], BLC 1010 and BLC 1014 [ 103 ], cadmium telluride nanocrystals [ 104 ], captopril-protected gold clusters [ 105 ], cationic amino acid-porphyrin conjugate 4i [ 106 ], Chlorin-e6 [ 103 , 107 , 108 ], chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine [ 109 , 110 ], Coumarin 6 [ 111 ], Curcumin [ 112 , 113 ], curcumin-NP [ 114 ], cyanidin-3-glucoside [ 115 ], doxycycline [ 116 ], erythrosine [ 115 , 117 ], graphene silver polymethyl methacrylate [ 118 ], lysine-porphyrin conjugate 4i [ 119 ], meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) [ 120 ], oxyhemoglobin-based oxyHb@IR820 [ 121 ], phenothiazine chloride [ 122 , 123 , 124 ], phloxine B [ 125 ], Photodithazine [ 126 ], phycocyanin [ 127 ], protoporphyrin I...…”