Periodontal microbial ecology

Socransky, S. S.; Haffajee, A. D.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00107.x

Cited by 1,353 publications

(1,507 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…Calcification occurs when calcium phosphate ions present in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) precipitate within dental plaque deposits, forming sequential mineralized layers corresponding to discrete plaque calcification events through time (Schroeder 1969; White 1991). The biological content of dental calculus is primarily microbial in origin (Warinner et al 2014b), and its parent material, dental plaque, is estimated to contain >200,000,000 microbial cells per milligram (Socransky and Haffajee 2005). In addition to microbes (bacteria and archaea), dental calculus also contains trace amounts of dietary (plant and animal) biomolecules and microfossils, viral DNA (primarily bacteriophages, or bacteria-infecting viruses), and human DNA and proteins (Warinner et al 2014a; Warinner et al 2014b).…”

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confidence: 99%

Successful enrichment and recovery of whole mitochondrial genomes from ancient human dental calculus

Ozga

Nieves-Colón

Honap

et al. 2016

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives Archaeological dental calculus is a rich source of host-associated biomolecules. Importantly, however, dental calculus is more accurately described as a calcified microbial biofilm than a host tissue. As such, concerns regarding destructive analysis of human remains may not apply as strongly to dental calculus, opening the possibility of obtaining human health and ancestry information from dental calculus in cases where destructive analysis of conventional skeletal remains is not permitted. Here we investigate the preservation of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in archaeological dental calculus and its potential for full mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) reconstruction in maternal lineage ancestry analysis. Materials and Methods Extracted DNA from six individuals at the 700-year-old Norris Farms #36 cemetery in Illinois was enriched for mtDNA using in-solution capture techniques, followed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Results Full mitogenomes (7-34x) were successfully reconstructed from dental calculus for all six individuals, including three individuals who had previously tested negative for DNA preservation in bone using conventional PCR techniques. Mitochondrial haplogroup assignments were consistent with previously published findings, and additional comparative analysis of paired dental calculus and dentine from two individuals yielded equivalent haplotype results. All dental calculus samples exhibited damage patterns consistent with ancient DNA, and mitochondrial sequences were estimated to be 92–100% endogenous. DNA polymerase choice was found to impact error rates in downstream sequence analysis, but these effects can be mitigated by greater sequencing depth. Discussion Dental calculus is a viable alternative source of human DNA that can be used to reconstruct full mitogenomes from archaeological remains.

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confidence: 99%

Successful enrichment and recovery of whole mitochondrial genomes from ancient human dental calculus

Ozga

Nieves-Colón

Honap

et al. 2016

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Alterations in subgingival microbiota have long been associated with the development and progression of periodontitis (14). In susceptible individuals, perturbations in host homeostasis are induced by changes in the polymicrobial community, with several microorganisms frequently being associated with periodontal lesions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dysbiosis and Alterations in Predicted Functions of the Subgingival Microbiome in Chronic Periodontitis

Kirst

Alfant

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

185

188

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Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontium affecting nearly 65 million adults in the United States. Changes in subgingival microbiota have long been associated with chronic periodontitis. Recent culture-independent molecular studies have revealed the immense richness and complexity of oral microbial communities. However, data sets across studies have not been directly compared, and whether the observed microbial variations are consistent across different studies is not known. Here, we used 16S rRNA sequencing to survey the subgingival microbiota in 25 subjects with chronic periodontal disease and 25 healthy controls and compared our data sets with those of three previously reported microbiome studies. Consistent with data from previous studies, our results demonstrate a significantly altered microbial community structure with decreased heterogeneity in periodontal disease. Comparison with data from three previously reported studies revealed that subgingival microbiota clustered by study. However, differences between periodontal health and disease were larger than the technical variations across studies. Using a prediction score and applying five different distance metrics, we observed two predominant clusters. One cluster was driven by Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas and was associated with clinically apparent periodontitis, and the second cluster was dominated by Rothia and Streptococcus in the majority of healthy sites. The predicted functional capabilities of the periodontitis microbiome were significantly altered. Genes involved in bacterial motility, energy metabolism, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were overrepresented in periodontal disease, whereas genes associated with transporters, the phosphotransferase system, transcription factors, amino acid biosynthesis, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were enriched in healthy controls. These results demonstrate significant alterations in microbial composition and function in periodontitis and suggest genes and metabolic pathways associated with periodontal disease. P eriodontal disease is a common disease affecting many adults in the United States. If left untreated, chronic periodontitis (CP) can lead to serious problems such as tooth loss. Indeed, periodontal disease is the number one cause of tooth loss in the United States, accounting for half of all tooth loss in U.S. adults (1). There is considerable evidence that the clinical impact of periodontal disease extends beyond the oral cavity (2). Strong associations have been found between periodontitis and a number of systemic conditions, including cardiovascular disease (3, 4), preterm delivery and low-birth-weight babies (5), diabetes mellitus (6-8), and rheumatoid arthritis (9-11).The activity of periodontal disease is determined by a complex interplay between the immune system and periodontal pathogens (12, 13). Alterations in subgingival microbiota have long been associated with the development and progression of periodontitis (14). In susceptible individuals, perturbations in...

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“…Oral microbial species that populate and colonize the human mouth are known to contribute to disease (Loesche, 1986;Socransky & Haffajee 2005). The factors mediating levels of colonization are largely undocumented, but are likely to include factors that influence the host environment.…”

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Heritability of Oral Microbial Species in Caries-Active and Caries-Free Twins

Corby¹,

Bretz

Hart

et al. 2007

Twin Res Hum Genet

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O ral microbes that colonize in the mouths of humans contribute to disease susceptibility, but it is unclear if host genetic factors mediate colonization. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the levels at which oral microbes colonize in the mouth are heritable. Dental plaque biofilms were sampled from intact tooth surfaces of 118 caries-free twins. An additional 86 caries-active twins were sampled for plaque from carious lesions and intact tooth surfaces. Using a reverse capture checkerboard assay the relative abundance of 82 bacterial species was determined. An integrative computational predictive model determined microbial abundance patterns of microbial species in caries-free twins as compared to caries-active twins. Heritability estimates were calculated for the relative microbial abundance levels of the microbial species in both groups. The levels of 10 species were significantly different in healthy individuals than in caries-active individuals, including, A. defectiva, S. parasanguinis, S. mitis/oralis, S. sanguinis, S. cristatus, S. salivarius, Streptococcus sp. clone CH016, G. morbillorum and G. haemolysans. Moderate to high heritability estimates were found for these species (h 2 = 56%-80 %, p < .0001). Similarity of the overall oral microbial flora was also evident in caries-free twins from multivariate distance matrix regression analysis. It appears that genetic and/or familial factors significantly contribute to the colonization of oral beneficial species in twins.

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Periodontal microbial ecology

Cited by 1,353 publications

References 185 publications

Successful enrichment and recovery of whole mitochondrial genomes from ancient human dental calculus

Successful enrichment and recovery of whole mitochondrial genomes from ancient human dental calculus

Dysbiosis and Alterations in Predicted Functions of the Subgingival Microbiome in Chronic Periodontitis

Heritability of Oral Microbial Species in Caries-Active and Caries-Free Twins

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