Periodontal ligament stem cells as a promising therapeutic target for neural damage

Abstract

Background The damaged neuronal cells of adult mammalian lack the regenerative ability to replace the neuronal connections. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are the promising source for neuroregenerative applications that can improve the injured microenvironment of the damaged neural system. They provide neuronal progenitors and neurotrophic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory factors. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively explore the various neuronal differentiation potentials of PDLSCs for application in neural regeneration therapy. Main text PDLSCs have superior potential to differentiate into various neural-like cells through a dedifferentiation stage followed by differentiation process without need for cell division. Diverse combination of nutritional factors can be used to induce the PDLSCs toward neural lineage. PDLSCs when coupled with biomaterials could have significant implications for neural tissue repair. PDLSCs can be a new clinical research target for Alzheimer's disease treatment, multiple sclerosis and cerebral ischemia. Moreover, PDLSCs have beneficial effects on retinal ganglion cell regeneration and photoreceptor survival. PDLSCs can be a great source for the repair of injured peripheral nerve through the expression of several neural growth factors and differentiation into Schwann cells. Conclusion In conclusion, these cells are an appealing source for utilizing in clinical treatment of the neuropathological disorders. Although significant in vitro and in vivo investigations were carried out in order for neural differentiation evaluation of these cells into diverse types of neurons, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to elucidate their therapeutic potential for neural diseases.

A Review of Novel Strategies for Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell Ex Vivo Expansion: Are They an Evidence-Based Promise for Regenerative Periodontal Therapy?

“…This immunophenotype profile, recognized as a hallmark of multipotency, highlights the differentiation potential of hPDLSCs into various lineages such as chondrocytes, neural cells, cardiomyocytes, and mostly osteoblasts and cementoblasts which are implied in sustaining the formation of new bone [18][19][20]. In addition, hPDLSCs exert a strong paracrine capacity by releasing several angiogenic, mitogenic, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative factors, which together are proposed as the main mechanisms in regulating tissue repair upon MSC transplantation [16,[21][22][23][24][25].…”

“…Stem cells populating PDL reside in the perivascular space of the periodontium and contain 95% of mesenchymal stem cells and 5% of neural crest stem cells, according to their embryonic origin from ectomesenchyme [15,16]. Nowadays, mesenchymal stem cells are revolutionizing the field of oral diseases, representing a potential tool for periodontal regeneration [17].…”

The potential therapeutic roles of dental pulp stem cells in spinal cord injury

“…Exosomes (EXs), one small particule of extracellular vesicles (usually 40–120 nm in diameter), containing many bioactive macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids involved in biological regulation of cells ( Liu et al, 2021 ). Several previous studies demonstrated MSC-derived EXs have the ability to enhance functional recovery in animal model of SCI by reducing cell apoptosis and inflammation response, and promoting angiogenesis ( Liu et al, 2021 ; Mohebichamkhorami et al, 2022 ). Depending on the cell sources, MSC-derived EXs have specific set of proteins and nucleic acids that can promote tissue regeneration.…”

Biomimetic Periodontal Ligament Transplantation Activated by Gold Nanoparticles Protects Alveolar Bone

“…However, BMSCs are sourced from bone marrow, which can restrict their availability. In contrast, due to their origin being from the periodontium, PDLSCs are readily available throughout the entire human lifespan, [13,14] and have demonstrated regenerative capacities in multiple tissues, [15][16][17] making them an ideal source of MSCs for the treatment or prevention of alveolar bone loss.…”