Periodontal inflammatory disease is associated with the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a population-based retrospective matched-cohort study

Abstract

BackgroundThe cause−effect relation between periodontal inflammatory disease (PID) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains uncertain. The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between PID and PD.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective matched-cohort study by using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. We identified 5,396 patients with newly diagnosed PID during 1997–2004 and 10,792 cases without PID by matching sex, age, index of year (occurrence of PID), and comorbidity. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate the risk of subsequent PD.ResultsAt the final follow-up, a total of 176 (3.26%) and 275 (2.55%) individuals developed PD in the case and control groups, respectively. Patients with PID have a higher risk of developing PD (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.431, 95% CI [1.141–1.794], p = 0.002).DiscussionOur results show that PID is associated with an increased risk of developing PD. Whilst these findings suggest that reducing PID may modify the risk of developing PD, further study will be needed.

Patients with chronic periodontitis present increased risk for primary Sjögren syndrome: a nationwide population-based cohort study

“…The Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2010 (LHID2010) was used for this cohort study. This database provides scrambled patient identification number, date of birth, sex, diagnostic codes in the format of the International Classification of Disease, Revision 9, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code, and the date of visit to medical institutes as described previously ( Chen, Wu & Chang, 2017b ; Su et al, 2017 ).…”

“…The National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) was established in 1997 for scientific and research studies. This database has been used for many longitudinal epidemiological studies for assessment the burden of periodontitis ( Chen, Wu & Chang, 2017a , 2017b ; Yu et al, 2017 , 2018 ; Su et al, 2017 ). Therefore, this study assessed the risk of pSS in a large, nationally representative, population-based cohort of patients with CP in Taiwan.…”

Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 and Innate Immunity

“…Model pathogens such as S. typhimurium or M. leprae are certainly of interest for understanding LRRK2 function in a defined context, but from an epidemiological viewpoint these would seem unlikely major initiators of PD or IBD. This in turn raises the question of how LRRK2 may modulate the response to more ubiquitous pathogens implicated in PD and IBD, such as gut microbiota (Houser and Tansey, 2017;Ni et al, 2017), periodontal microbes (Vavricka et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2017) or influenza virus (Sadasivan et al, 2017). This is likely an interesting area of future research.…”

Parkinson’s disease: a systemic inflammatory disease accompanied by bacterial inflammagens

“…The interference of these proteases in coagulation may not be exclusive to fibrinogen, and interactions have been shown with factor IX prothrombin (Imamura et al, 2001), factor X (Imamura et al, 1997) and prothrombin (Imamura et al, 2001), as well as the stimulation of the kallikrein/kinin pathway (Imamura et al, 1994). Since periodontitis disposes an individual to an exaggerated risk of developing Parkinson's disease (Kaur et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2018) and because the activity of P. gingivalis and gingipains have recently been highlighted in Alzheimer's patients (Dominy et al, 2019), we might expect the presence of this bacterium and its molecular products (e.g. proteases and LPS) to be found in the circulation of PD individuals too.…”

“…Furthermore, P. gingivalis has been found within atherosclerotic tissue of cardiovascular disease patients (Velsko et al, 2014;Olsen and Progulske-Fox, 2015;Atarbashi-Moghadam et al, 2018). Periodontal diseases are a well-known accompaniment to PD (Schwarz et al, 2006;Zlotnik et al, 2015;Kaur et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2018); however, the direct identification of P. gingivalis or its molecular signatures in circulation and/or brain tissue of PD patients has not previously been made.…”