Periodontal Inflammation: From Gingivitis to Systemic Disease?

Scannapieco, Frank A.

doi:10.5772/37923

Cited by 38 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…Hence, a susceptible host is required. Dental biofilms release a variety of biologically active products, including bacterial lipopolysaccharides, chemotactic peptides, protein toxins, and organic acids [ 36 ]. Production and release of proinflammatory prostaglandins and cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ) are triggered in response to stimuli of dental biofilms [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Evidences Of Association Between Hypertension and Periodomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The active products by biofilms and host responses are responsible for periodontal tissue destruction. The released products may also affect various disease pathways such as atherosclerosis and mucosal inflammation [ 36 ].…”

Section: Evidences Of Association Between Hypertension and Periodomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Periodontitis results from the accumulation of bacterial species in subgingival biofilm, particularly by Gram-negative anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria, such as P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Campylobacter rectus [ 33 – 35 ]. These periodontal pathogens are able to destruct and invade gingival tissues by proteolysis then enter the systemic circulation, causing transient bacteraemia [ 36 ]. Subsequently, the periodontal microbes may directly invade the arterial wall and lead to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis [ 36 ].…”

Section: Possible Linking Pathways For the Association Between Hypmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These periodontal pathogens are able to destruct and invade gingival tissues by proteolysis then enter the systemic circulation, causing transient bacteraemia [ 36 ]. Subsequently, the periodontal microbes may directly invade the arterial wall and lead to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis [ 36 ].…”

Section: Possible Linking Pathways For the Association Between Hypmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between Hypertension and Periodontitis: Possible Mechanisms

Leong

Baharin

et al. 2014

The Scientific World Journal

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This review is to examine the current literatures on the relationship between periodontitis and hypertension as well as to explore the possible biological pathways underlying the linkage between these health conditions. Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are among the critical components in the development of hypertension. Inflammation has received much attention recently and may contribute to a pivotal role in hypertension. Periodontitis, a chronic low-grade inflammation of gingival tissue, has been linked to endothelial dysfunction, with blood pressure elevation and increased mortality risk in hypertensive patients. Inflammatory biomarkers are increased in hypertensive patients with periodontitis. Over the years, various researches have been performed to evaluate the involvement of periodontitis in the initiation and progression of hypertension. Many cross-sectional studies documented an association between hypertension and periodontitis. However, more well-designed prospective population trials need to be carried out to ascertain the role of periodontitis in hypertension.

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Section: Evidences Of Association Between Hypertension and Periodomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidences Of Association Between Hypertension and Periodomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Possible Linking Pathways For the Association Between Hypmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Possible Linking Pathways For the Association Between Hypmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Association between Hypertension and Periodontitis: Possible Mechanisms

Leong

Baharin

et al. 2014

The Scientific World Journal

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“…In cases in which the inflammation was not treated early, the disease will affect the periodontal attachment and the supporting bone of the gum. 2 In 2016, a study published by the global burden of disease collaboration, periodontal diseases were ranked as the 11th most common prevalent diseases globally. 3 The average prevalence of periodontal diseases is about 35%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, incidence and outcome of periodontal diseases among the elderly

Subait

Saidi

Alsagoor

et al. 2021

Int J Community Med Public Health

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When compared to adults, older persons have a higher prevalence and incidence of periodontal diseases. The prevalence of periodontitis is substantially greater in the geriatrics group, which is 75 years old on average, compared to those who are 60 years old on average. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if natural periodontal therapies are not used. Periodontitis is the sixth most frequent incurable illness in the world, characterized by bacterial-induced and host-mediated deterioration of both soft and hard structures around the teeth. A severe type of periodontitis affects around 10% of the world's population. Periodontitis is more frequent in adults because of its chronic and debilitating nature, with around 66% of the 65-year-old age group in the United States afflicted by chronic periodontitis. A critical component of a successful disease prevention and health promotion trajectory is having up-to-date information on demographics, clinical symptoms, and illness burden on individuals, particularly in underrepresented regions where preventive programs are targeted and executed. As a result, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the existing research on the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of periodontal diseases in the older population.

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