Periodontal Infection and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Younger Adults: Results from Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004

Abstract

ObjectivePrevious studies report associations between periodontal infection and cardiorespiratory fitness but no study has examined the association among younger adults. Our objective was to study the association between clinical measures of periodontal infection and cardiorespiratory fitness levels among a population-based sample of younger adults.MethodsThe Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 enrolled 2,863 participants (46% women) who received a partial-mouth periodontal examination and completed a submaximal treadmill test for the assessment of estimated VO2 max(eVO2 max ). Participants were mean±SD age 33±9 years (range = 20–49 years), 30% Hispanic, 48% White, 19% Black, and 3% other. Mean eVO2 max (mL/kg/minute) as well as eVO2 max≤32 mL/kg/minute (20th percentile) were regressed across quartiles of mean probing depth and mean attachment loss in multivariable linear and logistic regression models.ResultsAfter multivariable adjustment, mean eVO2 max levels±SE across quartiles of attachment loss were 39.72±0.37, 39.64±0.34, 39.59±0.36, and 39.85±0.39 (P = 0.99). Mean eVO2 max±SE across quartiles of probing depth were 39.57±0.32, 39.78±0.38, 39.19±0.25, and 40.37±0.53 (P = 0.28). Similarly, multivariable adjusted mean eVO2 max values were similar between healthy participants vs. those with moderate/severe periodontitis: 39.70±0.21 vs. 39.70±0.90 (P = 1.00). The odds ratio (OR) for low eVO2 max comparing highest vs. lowest quartile of attachment loss = 0.89[95% CI 0.64–1.24]. The OR for comparing highest vs. lowest probing depth quartile = 0.77[95% CI 0.51–1.15].ConclusionClinical measures of periodontal infection were not related to cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of generally healthy younger adults.

Individual and interpersonal correlates of cardiorespiratory fitness in adults – Findings from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey

“…Most studies investigating the association between smoking and CRF have found lower fitness levels among smokers compared with non-smokers, but some other studies have not found such association 8 . Two studies with NHANES data, adjusted for multiple variables, even observed higher fitness levels among young to middle-aged adult current smokers in both sexes 49 or in the male subsample 50 . While all studies observing no or a positive association had a cross sectional design, all longitudinal studies observed lower CRF levels among smokers compared with non-smokers [51][52][53][54][55] .…”

The association between coeliac disease and periodontitis: Results from NHANES 2009–2012

“…Smoking status was defined as current smokers (smoked 100+ cigarettes in lifetime and currently smoke), former smokers (smoked 100+ cigarettes in lifetime but not currently smoking) or non‐smokers (subjects who have never smoked or smoked less than 100+ cigarettes in lifetime). Alcohol consumption was defined as non‐drinker (0 drinks per week), moderate drinker (1–4 drinks per week) and severe drinker (>4 drinks per week) (Thai, Papapanou, Jacobs, Desvarieux, & Demmer, ).…”

“…We considered multiple risk factors potentially relevant to both periodontitis and CD based on previous work (Arora et al, 2014;Demmer et al, 2012;Digiacomo et al, 2013;Kotsakis, Thai, Ioannou, Demmer, & Michalowicz, 2015). These included the demographic variables age, race/ethnicity, sex, education (<high school, high school, some college, college graduate) and poverty income ratio (calculated by dividing family income by the poverty guidelines, specific to family size, as well as the appropriate week) and severe drinker (>4 drinks per week) (Thai, Papapanou, Jacobs, Desvarieux, & Demmer, 2014).…”

Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Periodontitis

“…Because female sex hormone levels have been shown to affect cEPC levels, 30‐32 female participants were also matched with respect to menstrual cycle (±5 days since last menstruation), and postmenopausal women were matched with respect to hormone replacement therapy. Participants completed a questionnaire describing their physical activity levels, and the data were subsequently converted to metabolic equivalents (METs; 1 MET = 3.5 mL of oxygen uptake per kilogram per minute) as earlier described 33 . Thus, moderate physical activity was assigned an MET score of 4 and vigorous physical activity was assigned an MET score of 8.…”