Periodontal disease status in the diabetic patients with different glycemic levels – A cross sectional study

Abstract

Periodontitis is often associated with diabetes and might be considered one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), both in Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM). This cross sectional study was designed to evaluate the possible association between clinical periodontal disease status and glycemic levels in diabetes patients (T2DM) among the population of city Hyderabad, INDIA. A total of 200 individuals were examined and out of which 179 were enrolled fulfilling the selection criteria were initially given a health questionnaire to gather information regarding their demographic data, oral hygiene practices. Based on Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, they were grouped into: Good, Moderately and Poorly controlled Type 2 Diabetic patients. Oral hygiene index-simplified, CPI and clinical attachment level (CAL), Tooth mobility and Tooth loss due to mobility were evaluated. Nearly Half the individuals have good glycemic control. (47.5% are <121mg/dl), 29.1% have moderately controlled (<121-180mg/dl), 23.5% have poorly controlled (<181-240mg/dl) plasma sugar levels. Average Patients showed 5-10 years of diabetic history with 121- 180mg/dl fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. Average participants had fair OHI-S scores. Patients with Good FPS levels showed fair oral hygiene status. Community periodontal index (CPI) scores showed (14.52%) Gingivitis, (20.11%) mild, (8.93%) moderate, (2.79%) severe periodontitis patients with good controlled FPS Levels. Average CAL values ranged between 3-5mm in good to moderately controlled FPS levels. Tooth mobility and tooth loss is less in over all participants. Patients with high plasma sugar levels were more susceptible for severe periodontal disease. CPI values and mobility of teeth was less in subjects with FPG<126mg/dl. With Loss of attachment up to 5mm was observed. Both Periodontist and Diabetologist individually and together should improve awareness regarding periodontal health and diabetic control.