Periodontal disease and detection of human herpesviruses in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of chronic kidney disease patients

Abstract

Background Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have inability to maintain the normal levels of protein metabolism products, blood pressure and hematocrit. Periodontal disease involves an inflammatory destructive process. Identification of opportunistic viruses is extremely important as they are associated with co‐morbidities. The objective of this study was to analyse the presence of human herpesviruses in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with CKD. Methods One hundred and thirty one individuals were divided depending on the stage of CKD: Group 1 (clearance of creatinine > 75 mL/min) patients with no renal disease (n = 24); Group 2 (clearance of creatinine of 11‐75 mL/min) patients with renal disease (n = 67); Group 3 (clearance of creatinine < 10 mL/min) patients on hemodialysis (n = 40). The parameters of periodontal disease were evaluated. The viral detection was assessed by PCR. Results considering the three groups, the prevalence of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1) were 9% in saliva and 5% in GCF; Epstein‐Barr virus 36% in saliva and 39% in GCF; human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) 11% in GCF; varicella zoster virus 6% in saliva and 3% in GCF; of human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) 6% in saliva and 2% in GCF; and HHV‐7 44% in saliva and 8% in GCF. Of these patients, 46.48% presented with severe periodontitis. A statistically significant association between HSV‐1 and HCMV was found in hemodialysis patients and severe periodontitis was also more frequent among them. Conclusion These findings show the importance of evaluating the periodontal disease and detecting herpesviruses in patients with CKD as the inflammatory process observed in these clinical conditions may worsen the course of both periodontal disease and CKD.

Periodontal tissues are targets for Sars-Cov-2: a post-mortem study

“…Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid have been shown to be sources for human viruses in the oral cavity. A recent study investigating the detection of human herpesviruses in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic kidney disease found different prevalences between these two sites [ 17 ]. The same was founded during Zika virus international public health emergency; peptides were identified in saliva of showing a new transmission path of the disease [ 24 ].…”

“…Viral genomes of Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr (EBV) and Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) [12] have been detected in gingival tissues [13], subgingival plaque [14] and gingival crevicular fluid [15][16][17]. The possible sources of the infection could be the gingival epithelial cells exposed to the oral cavity and virus migration through the bloodstream [18].…”

Periodontal pockets: A potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2?

“…The viral detection in PP, has been established in numerous publications [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] . Regarding the dental literature, the most frequently detected viruses in PP, other than bacteriophages in dental plaque [20] , are Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) [15] .…”

Do hydrogen peroxide mouthwashes have a virucidal effect? A systematic review

“…Taking into consideration the chemical reaction on which the anti-microbial properties of hydrogen peroxide are based, this degradation occurring almost instantaneously would not be capable of impeding an immediate re-contamination of the oral cavity, since the particles of a virus (e.g. SARS-CoV-2) can potentially come from various sources such as respiratory secretions, oropharynx, salivary glands and gingival crevicular fluid [ 6 , 10 , 11 , [45] , [46] , [47] ]. Therefore, it would be necessary that any substance to be used as pre-operative mouthwash had a high substantivity, that is, the capacity to interact with structures of the oral cavity to allow a slow release of this agent, thus increasing the duration of its virucidal effect.…”