“…Many studies within living populations have shown significant associations between periodontal disease and other diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory infections, cancer (e.g., lung, kidney, pancreatic, oral, esophageal, upper gastrointestinal, gastric, and kidney cancers), Alzheimer's disease, obesity, diabetes, renal disease, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (for example, see the following reviews: Hollister and Weintraub, 1993;Li et al, 2000;Kowolik et al, 2001;Slots, 2004;Pihlstrom et al, 2005;Johnson et al, 2006;Irwin et al, 2008;Williams et al, 2008). Periodontal disease is also associated with increased risks of spontaneous preterm birth, preeclampsia, low birth weight, and stillbirth (Holmstrup et al, 2003;Goepfert et al, 2004;Boggess, 2005;Boggess et al, 2006;Mobeen et al, 2008;Ruma et al, 2008;Polyzos et al, 2009).…”