Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers

Abstract

In the United States, prevalence of marijuana-use has doubled in the past 2 decades. The aim was to compare the periodontal conditions and whole-salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels among young adult marijuana-smokers, heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smokers. Self-reported marijuana-smokers, heavy-cigarette-smokers, non-smokers with periodontitis and periodontally-healthy non-smokers were included. Demographic data was recorded and full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL) and missing teeth were recorded. Levels of IL-17A and IL-23 levels were measured in the whole saliva. p < 0.01 was considered statistically significant. Fifteen-marijuana-smokers, 15 heavy-cigarette-smokers, 16 non-smokers-with-periodontitis and 15 periodontally-healthy-non-smokers) were included. The clinicoradiographic parameters were worse among marijuana-smokers (p < 0.01), cigarette-smokers (p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis (p < 0.01) than periodontally-healthy-non-smokers. Marijuana- and cigarette-smokers had Stage-IV/Grade C and non-smokers with periodontitis had Stage-III/Grade-C. Salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher in marijuana-smokers than cigarette-smokers (p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis (p < 0.01). Whole salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher among cigarette-smokers than non-smokers with periodontitis (p < 0.01) and periodontally-healthy-individuals (p < 0.01). Marijuana- and heavy cigarette-smokers have comparable clinicoradiographic periodontal statuses. This rejects hypothesis-1. However, whole salivary immunoinflammatory response may be moderately worse in marijuana-smokers compared with heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smoker with periodontitis thereby supporting hypothesis-2.

Comparison of the Anti-bacterial Efficacy of Saussurea costus and Melaleuca alternifolia Against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis: An in-vitro Study

“…A major limitation of the present study is that the results were entirely based on in-vitro evaluation of aqueous extracts from both herbs. Several clinical studies have shown that habits such as tobacco smoking and systemic diseases including poorlycontrolled diabetes mellitus are risk factors of periodontitis and dental caries [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Such risk-factors are known to compromise outcomes of oral therapeutic interventions [39]; and promotion of microbial colonization in the supra-and subgingival oral biofilm [40,41].…”

Potential Mechanisms Underlying Marijuana-Associated Periodontal Tissue Destruction

“…In a recent study, although small in sample size, marijuana and heavy cigarette smokers exhibited comparable clinicoradiographic periodontal status, although salivary IL-17A and IL-23 concentrations were higher in the cannabis-using group (Javed et al 2020). There is a need for further research in this area to better ascertain and define the clinical characteristics of marijuana-associated periodontal disease.…”

“…The combined epidemiologic evidence from a growing number of primary studies and related review articles associates marijuana consumption with negative periodontal health consequences (Jamieson et al 2010; Duane 2014; Zeng et al 2014; Meier et al 2016; Shariff et al 2017; Ortiz et al 2018; Atuegwu et al 2019; Chisini et al 2019; Mofidi et al 2019; Javed et al 2020; Keboa et al 2020; Yazdanian et al 2020; Mayol et al 2021). A clinical example of periodontitis in a cannabis smoker is presented in Figure 2.…”

“…While cannabis has been used by humans for at least 4 millennia (Tahir et al 2021), its contemporary use is widespread and expanding. Indeed, approximately 12% of the North American and 4% of the global adult population regularly consumes cannabis (Peacock et al 2018), a rapidly emerging potential risk factor for periodontal diseases (Thomson et al 2008; Jamieson et al 2010; Duane 2014; Zeng et al 2014; Meier et al 2016; Shariff et al 2017; Ortiz et al 2018; Atuegwu et al 2019; Chisini et al 2019; Mofidi et al 2019; Javed et al 2020; Keboa et al 2020; Yazdanian et al 2020; Mayol et al 2021). This review summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the underlying epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence that might explain increased susceptibility to cannabis-induced and/or cannabis-exacerbated periodontal tissue destruction.…”

Effect of tongue piercing on periodontal and peri‐implant health: A cross‐sectional case‐control study in adults

“…It is well-known that levels of destructive inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1-beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha are higher in the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of patients with periodontitis and peri-implantitis. [36][37][38][39][40] In addition, periodontitis and peri-implantitis are also associated with an increased colonization of pathogenic microbes such as bacteria viruses and yeasts in the oral biofilm (OB). [41][42][43][44] It is therefore hypothesized that is that the number of patients that had attained graduate-level education were higher in the control compared with the test group.…”