Periodontal and other oral manifestations of immunodeficiency diseases

Abstract

The list of immunodeficiency diseases grows each year as novel disorders are discovered, classified, and sometimes reclassified due to our ever-increasing knowledge of immune system function. Although the number of patients with secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDs) greatly exceeds those with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), the prevalence of both appears to be on the rise probably because of scientific breakthroughs that facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis. Primary immunodeficiencies in adults are not as rare as once thought. Globally, the main causes of secondary immunodeficiency are HIV infection and nutritional insufficiencies. Persons with acquired immune disorders such as AIDS caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are now living long and fulfilling lives as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Irrespective of whether the patient’s immune deficient state is a consequence of a genetic defect or is secondary in nature, dental and medical practitioners must be aware of the constant potential for infections and/or expressions of autoimmunity in these individuals. The purpose of this paper is to review the most common conditions resulting from primary and secondary immunodeficiency states, how they are classified, and the detrimental manifestations of these disorders on the periodontal and oral tissues.

Sexual behavior and its association with persistent oral lesions: analysis of the POP-Brazil study

“…The relationship between oral health and sexual and reproductive health is recognized in the literature, which focuses on the characterization of oral lesions resulting from already established STI and their role as markers for the diagnosis or progression of these infections. The most illustrative examples of this relationship are the oral manifestations of AIDS, such as oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia and periodontal disease [ 19 , 23 , 24 ], and oral lesions caused by acquired syphilis [ 1 , 20 , 25 ]. The oral manifestations related to these disorders may even be the first symptoms of infection or disease progression, which reinforces the importance of their identification during dental consultations [ 18 ].…”

Oral manifestations of primary immunodeficiencies

“…Для большинства иммунодефицитных состояний, независимо от их природы, характерны __________________________ проявления в ротовой полости в виде инфекций, самой частой из которых является грибковая инфекция, в частности кандидоз, который может быть первым, а зачастую и единственным признаком иммунодефицита. Кроме кандидозной инфекции, для комбинированных иммунодефицитов характерны вирусные поражения тканей полости рта в виде язвенного стоматита, но, как правило, ýто не главное проявление комбинированных иммунодефицитов [2].…”

Effect of Citrus aurantium L. Essential Oil on Streptococcus mutans Growth, Biofilm Formation and Virulent Genes Expression

“…Oral microbiota is a normal component of an oral cavity and has an important function to protect against the colonization of extrinsic bacteria that could affect systemic health [ 13 , 14 ]. However, under certain conditions, including poor oral hygiene and the use of immunosuppressive drugs, commensal oral microbes can cause oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases [ 15 ], hence the emergence of multiple initiatives based on a modulation of the oral microbiome to maintain or reestablish a healthy oral ecosystem [ 16 ].…”