Periodizing heat acclimation in elite Laser sailors preparing for a world championship event in hot conditions

Casadio, Julia R.; Kilding, Andrew E.; Siegel, Rodney B.; Cotter, James D.; Laursen, Paul B.

doi:10.1080/23328940.2016.1184367

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Laser and 470 classes) show a limited increase in T C , but a high performance decrement in the heat. Both Casadio and Corbett demonstrated the presence of inter-individual variation in the adaptive response to heat acclimation [26,27]. Furthermore, the thermophysiological responses to exercise in the heat was not related with baseline maximal VO 2 or previous exposure to a heat acclimation intervention [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…While the increased opportunity for cooling during upwind sailing may help to dissipate the greater metabolic heat production, a greater AWS is also likely to affect the work intensity when sailing and thereby resulting in a greater thermoregulatory burden [9]. To counteract these detrimental effects, Casadio and colleagues indicated that periodized heat acclimation did reduce heat strain in elite Laser sailors preparing for the 2013 World Championships [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoregulatory burden of elite sailing athletes during exercise in the heat: A pilot study

Delden¹,

Bongers²,

Broekens

et al. 2018

Temperature

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Exercising in a hot and humid environment increases core body temperature, which may limit exercise performance. The risk of exercise-induced hyperthermia and associated performance decrement in Olympic sailing athletes is largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to compare thermoregulatory responses and performance indicators of elite sailors in a cool versus hot and humid environment. Seven elite athletes from four different Olympic sailing classes (Laser, RS:X, Finn, 470) performed cycling and/or rowing exercise in a cool (18°C) and hot (33°C) environment, while core body temperature (T C), skin temperature (T SK), exercise performance (covered distance), and rating of perceived exertion were measured continuously. T C increased significantly more in the hot environment (37.6 ± 0.2°C to 39.1 ± 0.1°C) compared to the cool environment (37.5 ± 0.1°C to 38.5 ± 0.2°C; p = 0.002), but the increase in T C between conditions differed substantially within individuals (range: 0.3°C-0.9°C). Exercise performance decreased by 6.2 ± 2.9% in the hot environment (p = 0.013, range: 2.3%-9.5%), but more importantly, exercise performance was strongly inversely related to peak T C (R = −0.78, p = 0.039). Rating of perceived exertion (cool: 14.2 ± 0.6; hot: 13.9 ± 1.2) and increase in T SK (cool: 0.5 ± 1.0°C; hot: 0.9 ± 0.3°C) did not differ between conditions (p = 0.59 and p = 0.36, respectively). To conclude, a larger increase in T C and substantial exercise performance decrement were observed in the hot versus cool environment. As a further matter, large inter-individual differences were observed across athletes with an inverse relationship between T C and exercise performance, which stresses the importance of appropriate and personalized interventions to reduce thermoregulatory burden of elite sailors during exercise in the heat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulatory burden of elite sailing athletes during exercise in the heat: A pilot study

Delden¹,

Bongers²,

Broekens

et al. 2018

Temperature

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“…These human adaptations to the increasing ambient temperatures can be attributed to multiple factors, such as physiological, behavioral, technological adaptations or changes in infrastructure (Hondula et al, 2015). Repeated heat exposures lead to physiological adaptations in heart rate, body core temperature and sweat rate that slowly decay (Daanen et al, 2018), and thus may lead to a more or less permanent state of heat acclimation (Casadio et al, 2016). In line with this, it has been shown that mortality is considerably higher in the heat waves early in summer when compared to successive heat waves, probably partly due to heat acclimation in the subjects that survived the initial heat waves (Kysely and Kriz, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Term Adaptation to Heat Stress: Shifts in the Minimum Mortality Temperature in the Netherlands

et al. 2020

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It is essentially unknown how humans adapt or will adapt to heat stress caused by climate change over a long-term interval. A possible indicator of adaptation may be the minimum mortality temperature (MMT), which is defined as the mean daily temperature at which the lowest mortality occurs. Another possible indicator may be the heat sensitivity, i.e., the percentage change in mortality per 1 • C above the MMT threshold, or heat attributable fraction (AF), i.e., the percentage relative excess mortality above MMT. We estimated MMT and heat sensitivity/AF over a period of 23 years for older adults (≥65 years) in the Netherlands using three commonly used methods. These methods are segmented Poisson regression (SEG), constrained segmented distributed lag models (CSDL), and distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM). The mean ambient temperature increased by 0.03 • C/year over the 23 year period. The calculated mean MMT over the 23-year period differed considerably between methods [16.4 ± 1.2 • C (SE) (SEG), 18.9 ± 0.5 • C (CSDL), and 15.3 ± 0.4 • C DLNM]. MMT increased during the observed period according to CSDL (0.11 ± 0.05 • C/year) and DLNM (0.15 ± 0.02 • C/year), but not with SEG. The heat sensitivity, however, decreased for the latter method (0.06%/ • C/year) and did not change for CSDL. Heat AF was calculated for the DLNM method and decreased with 0.07%/year. Based on these results we conclude that the susceptibility of humans to heat decreases over time, regardless which method was used, because human adaptation is shown by either an increase in MMT (CSDL and DLNM) or a decrease in heat sensitivity for unchanged MMT (SEG). Future studies should focus on what factors (e.g., physiological, behavioral, technological, or infrastructural adaptations) influence human adaptation the most, so it can be promoted through adaptation policies. Furthermore, future studies should keep in mind that the employed method influences the calculated MMT, which hampers comparability between studies.

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“…The "partial acclimation" possessed by athletes allowed a short HA regimen, owing to higher baseline sweat rates versus sedentary individuals, and more rapid acclimation [41,42,46]. Discrepancy still surrounds optimal HA procedures, and rate of decay [41,47,48], which may be explored further in several extensive review articles [42][43][44]49]. GSL did increase in all participants throughout heat acclimation for a similar T core rise but was similar on days 5 and 6 (14.2 ± 2.3% increase on day 6 vs day 1), representing a classic hallmark of heat acclimation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper body sweat mapping provides evidence of relative sweat redistribution towards the periphery following hot-dry heat acclimation

Smith

Havenith

2019

Temperature

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Purpose: Produce a detailed upper-body sweat map and evaluate changes in gross and regional sweating rates (RSR) and distribution following heat acclimation (HA). Methods: Six males (25 ± 4 yrs) completed six consecutive HA days (45°C, 20% rh) requiring 90 minutes intermittent exercise to maintain a 1.4°C rectal temperature (Tre) rise. Pre-and post-HA upper-body RSR were measured at 55% (Intensity-1; I1) and 75% VO2 max (Intensity-2; I2) using a modified absorbent technique. Results: From day one to six of HA, work rate increased (n.s.), heart rate, Tre, and skin temperature were similar, and gross sweat loss (GSL) increased (P < 0.001). During pre and post-HA experiments, relative workloads were similar (Pre-I1 54 ± 3, Post-I1 57 ± 5%VO2max; Pre-I2 73 ± 4, Post-I2 76 ± 7%VO2max). Post-HA GSL was significantly higher (Pre 449 ± 90 g.m−2 h−1, Post 546 g.m−2 h−1; P < 0.01). Highest RSR were observed on the central back both pre and post-HA at I1 (pre 854 ± 269 post 1178 ± 402g.m−2 h−1) and I2 (pre 1221 ± 351 post 1772 ± 396 g.m−2 h−1). Absolute RSR increased significantly in 12 (I1) to 14 (I2) of the 17 regions. Ratio data indicated significant post-HA relative RSR redistribution, with decreased relative contributions to whole-body sweating on the back, chest staying the same and arms increasing. Conclusions: Hot-dry HA significantly increased GSL in aerobically trained males at I2. Absolute RSR significantly increased in I1 and I2, with a preferential relative redistribution towards the periphery of the upper-body. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Periodizing heat acclimation in elite Laser sailors preparing for a world championship event in hot conditions

Cited by 18 publications

References 21 publications

Thermoregulatory burden of elite sailing athletes during exercise in the heat: A pilot study

Thermoregulatory burden of elite sailing athletes during exercise in the heat: A pilot study

Long Term Adaptation to Heat Stress: Shifts in the Minimum Mortality Temperature in the Netherlands

Upper body sweat mapping provides evidence of relative sweat redistribution towards the periphery following hot-dry heat acclimation

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