Periodic volcanic degassing behavior: The Mount Etna example

Tamburello, Giancarlo; Aiuppa, Alessandro; McGonigle, Andrew J. S.; Allard, P.; Cannata, Andrea; Giudice, Gaetano; Kantzas, Euripides P.; Pering, Tom D.

doi:10.1002/grl.50924

Cited by 57 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In particular, power spectral densities were determined using Welch's method [34] for the acquired time series from the NEC, in order to determine the dominant periods at which oscillatory passive degassing was evident. The results are summarised in Table 2, indicating the presence of periodicities in all three species, on timescales of ≈40-175 s, affirming that passive H 2 O emissions are marked by their oscillatory behaviour; noted in earlier works in respect of SO 2 and CO 2 emissions [34][35][36][37]. Note that only periods >40 s are reported, in order to avoid oscillations that are potentially attributable to non-volcanogenic causes [37], and Nyquist's criterion is also abided by in terms of the upper limit of oscillations considered here, e.g., up to periods of half the acquisition duration.…”

Section: Measurements On Mt Etnasupporting

confidence: 69%

A Novel and Inexpensive Method for Measuring Volcanic Plume Water Fluxes at High Temporal Resolution

et al. 2017

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Abstract:Water vapour (H 2 O) is the dominant species in volcanic gas plumes. Therefore, measurements of H 2 O fluxes could provide valuable constraints on subsurface degassing and magmatic processes. However, due to the large and variable concentration of this species in the background atmosphere, little attention has been devoted to monitoring the emission rates of this species from volcanoes. Instead, the focus has been placed on remote measurements of SO 2 , which is present in far lower abundances in plumes, and therefore provides poorer single flux proxies for overall degassing conditions. Here, we present a new technique for the measurement of H 2 O emissions at degassing volcanoes at high temporal resolution (≈1 Hz), via remote sensing with low cost digital cameras. This approach is analogous to the use of dual band ultraviolet (UV) cameras for measurements of volcanic SO 2 release, but is focused on near infrared absorption by H 2 O. We report on the field deployment of these devices on La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island, and the North East Crater of Mt. Etna, during which in-plume calibration was performed using a humidity sensor, resulting in estimated mean H 2 O fluxes of ≈15 kg·s −1 and ≈34 kg·s −1 , respectively, in accordance with previously reported literature values. By combining the Etna data with parallel UV camera and Multi-GAS observations, we also derived, for the first time, a combined record of 1 Hz gas fluxes for the three most abundant volcanic gas species: H 2 O, CO 2 , and SO 2 . Spectral analysis of the Etna data revealed oscillations in the passive emissions of all three species, with periods spanning ≈40-175 s, and a strong degree of correlation between the periodicity manifested in the SO 2 and H 2 O data, potentially related to the similar exsolution depths of these two gases. In contrast, there was a poorer linkage between oscillations in these species and those of CO 2 , possibly due to the deeper exsolution of carbon dioxide, giving rise to distinct periodic degassing behaviour.

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Section: Measurements On Mt Etnasupporting

confidence: 69%

A Novel and Inexpensive Method for Measuring Volcanic Plume Water Fluxes at High Temporal Resolution

et al. 2017

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“…In particular, fluctuations in passive degassing on timescales of 10 s to 1000 s of seconds have been resolved using UV cameras [40], building on earlier observations of this phenomenon using a non-imaging dual spectrometer approach involving units with cylindrical lenses and quasi-horizontal fields of view [41,42]. Based on observations on Mt.…”

Section: Improving the Spatio-temporal Resolution Of Volcanic Degassingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Etna) as well as from lava lakes. In terms of conduit degassing, arguments have been put forward that this behaviour arises from the arrangement of rising bubbles into layers of elevated gas concentrations, leading to periodic enhancements in passive non-overpressurised bubble bursting at the surface [40].…”

Section: Improving the Spatio-temporal Resolution Of Volcanic Degassingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, a number of studies have noted a relationship between these time series for the Etna, Fuego, and Kīlauea volcanoes, including conduit and lava lake degassing scenarios [20,40,44,46]. In one case, this has involved novel signal processing techniques based on wavelet analysis to isolate commonality in periodicity in pairs of geophysical datastreams [57].…”

Section: Combination Of Uv Camera Degassing Data With Geophysical Datmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultraviolet Imaging of Volcanic Plumes: A New Paradigm in Volcanology

et al. 2017

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Ultraviolet imaging has been applied in volcanology over the last ten years or so. This provides considerably higher temporal and spatial resolution volcanic gas emission rate data than available previously, enabling the volcanology community to investigate a range of far faster plume degassing processes than achievable hitherto. To date, this has covered rapid oscillations in passive degassing through conduits and lava lakes, as well as puffing and explosions, facilitating exciting connections to be made for the first time between previously rather separate sub-disciplines of volcanology. Firstly, there has been corroboration between geophysical and degassing datasets at ≈1 Hz, expediting more holistic investigations of volcanic source-process behaviour. Secondly, there has been the combination of surface observations of gas release with fluid dynamic models (numerical, mathematical, and laboratory) for gas flow in conduits, in attempts to link subterranean driving flow processes to surface activity types. There has also been considerable research and development concerning the technique itself, covering error analysis and most recently the adaptation of smartphone sensors for this application, to deliver gas fluxes at a significantly lower instrumental price point than possible previously. At this decadal juncture in the application of UV imaging in volcanology, this article provides an overview of what has been achieved to date as well as a forward look to possible future research directions.

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“…This goes beyond the capacity provided previously from scanning or traverse-based differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of volcanic gas fluxes [3,4], firstly by imaging the plumes and therefore providing detailed spatial information, and secondly by acquiring gas fluxes with at least two orders of magnitude higher temporal resolution than most DOAS techniques. In the former case, this is useful in understanding the behaviour of systems with multiple fumaroles or craters [5,6]; in the latter sense, this has enabled capture of a series of rapid explosive and passive volcanic degassing phenomena for the first time [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Cost Smartphone Sensor-Based UV Camera for Volcanic SO2 Emission Measurements

et al. 2017

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Recently, we reported on the development of low-cost ultraviolet (UV) cameras, based on the modification of sensors designed for the smartphone market. These units are built around modified Raspberry Pi cameras (PiCams; ≈USD 25), and usable system sensitivity was demonstrated in the UVA and UVB spectral regions, of relevance to a number of application areas. Here, we report on the first deployment of PiCam devices in one such field: UV remote sensing of sulphur dioxide emissions from volcanoes; such data provide important insights into magmatic processes and are applied in hazard assessments. In particular, we report on field trials on Mt. Etna, where the utility of these devices in quantifying volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions was validated. We furthermore performed side-by-side trials of these units against scientific grade cameras, which are currently used in this application, finding that the two systems gave virtually identical flux time series outputs, and that signal-to-noise characteristics of the PiCam units appeared to be more than adequate for volcanological applications. Given the low cost of these sensors, allowing two-filter SO 2 camera systems to be assembled for ≈USD 500, they could be suitable for widespread dissemination in volcanic SO 2 monitoring internationally.

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Periodic volcanic degassing behavior: The Mount Etna example

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

A Novel and Inexpensive Method for Measuring Volcanic Plume Water Fluxes at High Temporal Resolution

A Novel and Inexpensive Method for Measuring Volcanic Plume Water Fluxes at High Temporal Resolution

Ultraviolet Imaging of Volcanic Plumes: A New Paradigm in Volcanology

A Low-Cost Smartphone Sensor-Based UV Camera for Volcanic SO2 Emission Measurements

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