“…The third type convergence criterion is that the monotone systems possess a first integral or invariant function with positive gradient. Many model systems have this property, see, e.g., [21], [29], [30], [40], [46] for ordinary di¤erential equations; [45] for partial di¤erential equations; [4], [5], [25], [26], [51], [52] for functional di¤erential equations. These authors showed that every forward orbit of such a system is convergent to an equilibrium or a fixed point, and that the set of all fixed points is a totally ordered curve.…”