“…The periodicity of LIPSSs on the 304 stainless steel surfaces under air was about 700–900 nm, which was about 0.65–0.85 times the laser wavelength. This phenomenon was attributed to the surface plasma waves whose wavelength is 0.50–0.85 times the laser wavelength, and the increase of the electron density extends it, explained by the parametric decay [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. On the other hand, the periodicity of LIPSSs on the 304 stainless steel surfaces in water, 5 and 10 wt% NaCl solutions, 5 and 10 wt% NaNO 3 solutions, 5 and 10 wt% Cu(NO 3 ) 2 solutions and 5 and 10 wt% CuSO 4 solutions was about 600 nm, which was about 0.56 times the laser wavelength since the refractive index of water is 1.33 [ 45 ], shortening the laser wavelength and the wavelength of the surface plasma waves.…”