Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Abstract

Importance Perinatal posttraumatic stress disorder (P-PTSD) occurs in approximately 3% to 15% of women in the postpartum period. It is often underrecognized, poorly characterized, and undertreated. If untreated, it can lead to maternal and infant morbidity. Objective The aim of this review article is to discuss P-PTSD as it relates to the obstetrician gynecologist, focusing specifically on identifying perinatal risk factors, P-PTSD diagnostic tools, and treatment options. Evidence Acquisition PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched on MeSH terms and free text for terms related specifically to P-PTSD. Because of the lack of data on treatment specifically for the perinatal population, a second search for general PTSD treatment guidelines was conducted and incorporated into this review. Results Risk factors have been identified in the literature in 4 major categories: obstetric, psychiatric, social, and subjective distress during delivery. Two diagnostic tests, the general PTSD diagnostic tool, the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and the specific diagnostic tool, the Perinatal Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire, can both be helpful for the clinician to diagnose patients who may have P-PTSD. Individual trauma-focused psychotherapy is first line for treatment of P-PTSD. Immediate debriefing interventions and non–trauma-focused psychotherapy has not been shown to be helpful. If trauma-focused psychotherapy is not available or not preferred, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and non–trauma-focused psychotherapy can be used. Conclusions and Relevance Identifying and treating P-PTSD have important implications for maternal and neonatal health. Few treatment studies exist for P-PTSD specifically, so combining P-PTSD research with current guidelines for PTSD is necessary to inform clinical practice. Target Audience Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians. Learning Objectives After participating in this CME activity, the participant should be better able to identify several risk factors for the development of PTSD in the perinatal period; describe 2 diagnostic tools to help diagnose and monitor P-PTSD; and compare effective and ineffective treatment options for perinatal PTSD, recognizing the importance of timing of interventions.

The impact of perinatal healthcare changes on birth trauma during COVID-19

“…Some such factors include: history of and current mental health disorders and/or trauma, parity, fear of childbirth, pregnancy health complications and loss, subjective labor experiences, type of birth, lack of support during birth [ [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] ]. Clinically, PTSD-FC is not distinguished in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 th Edition (DSM-5) from PTSD, so clinicians must evaluate presenting symptoms and operationalize the disorder in the context of the perinatal period [ 11 ]. Prevalence rates can be difficult to detect in part from a lack of consensus of the “perinatal” timeframe as well as a lack of screening protocols; nevertheless, meta-analyses have demonstrated PTSD-FC to affect approximately 3–4% of women [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 12 ].…”

Factors Associated With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Nurses During COVID-19

“…Previous studies have identified multiple sources of PTSD, such as age, sex, job title, social support, exposure intensity and psychological factors (Shrestha, 2015;Šagud et al, 2017;Cirino and Knapp, 2019;Wang Y. X. et al, 2020). Occupation may be a factor in the prevalence of PTSD.…”

The elephant in the delivery room: Enhancing awareness of the current literature and recommendations for perinatal PTSD.

“…Perinatal PTSD (P-PTSD) is operationalized as a disorder occurring following a traumatic experience that lasts at least one month and occurs during pregnancy or throughout the postpartum period (Cirino & Knapp, 2019). The DSM–5 does not distinguish between PTSD and P-PTSD, so clinicians must evaluate presenting perinatal symptoms based on general PTSD guidelines.…”