Perinatal Mortality in Multiple Pregnancy

Anomalies of the placenta and umbilical cord in twin gestations

“…5 Twin pregnancies are obviously at higher risks for birth defects than singleton due to the development of 2 fetuses instead of 1. 1,5,8 Cohort studies have suggested that in vitro fertilization (IVF) could be associated with higher incidence of birth defects. 7,8 However, the lack of information on the etiology of the infertility, chorionicity, maternal preexisting medical conditions, parental smoking status, and social environments in most studies hampers the interpretation of the corresponding data.…”

“…6 Overall, perinatal mortality rates are reported to be 4-fold higher for twins than for singletons. 1,3,5 Most of these complications are directly or indirectly associated with placental or umbilical cord disorders. 5 Twin pregnancies are obviously at higher risks for birth defects than singleton due to the development of 2 fetuses instead of 1.…”

“…1,3,5 Most of these complications are directly or indirectly associated with placental or umbilical cord disorders. 5 Twin pregnancies are obviously at higher risks for birth defects than singleton due to the development of 2 fetuses instead of 1. 1,5,8 Cohort studies have suggested that in vitro fertilization (IVF) could be associated with higher incidence of birth defects.…”

“…The main risks are early and late miscarriage, preeclampsia, antepartum bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and stillbirths. [1][2][3][4][5] Twins are also more prone to birth asphyxia, hyaline membrane disease, respiratory disorders, seizures, and long-term developmental morbidity. [1][2][3][4][5] Prematurity and its complications is the single most important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in multiple pregnancies.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Twins are also more prone to birth asphyxia, hyaline membrane disease, respiratory disorders, seizures, and long-term developmental morbidity. [1][2][3][4][5] Prematurity and its complications is the single most important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in multiple pregnancies. 6 Overall, perinatal mortality rates are reported to be 4-fold higher for twins than for singletons.…”